1. Republic of Indonesia is a country in the world's largest archipelago consisting of 17,504 islands (including the 9634 islands that have not been given the name and the 6000 islands are uninhabited).
2. Here are 3 of the 6 largest island in the world, namely: Borneo (the third largest island in the world with an area of 539.460 km2), Sumatra (473,606 km2) and Papua (421.981 km2)
3. Indonesia is the largest maritime countries in the world with a water area of 93 thousand km2 and the length of the beach around 81 thousand km2, or almost 25% long beach in the world.
4. Island of Java is the world's most populous island, where about 60% is almost the population of Indonesia (about 130 million people) live on the island that the width is only 7% of the entire territory of Indonesia.
5. Indonesia is a country with the largest tribes in the world. There are more than 740 tribes / ethnic, which in Papua alone there were 270 tribes.
6. Countries with the largest regional languages, namely, 583 languages and dialects of the 67 main languages used by various tribes in Indonesia. National language is Indonesian, although local language with the most number of users in Indonesia is the Javanese language.
7. Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world. The number of adherents of Islam in Indonesia around 216 million people or 88% of the population of Indonesia. Also has the largest mosque and pilgrims Origin of the world's largest.
8. Buddhist monument (temple) is the world's largest Borobudur temple in Central Java with a height 42 meters (10 levels) and long-relief more than 1 km. Estimated to be over 40 years by Sailendra Dynasty during the ancient Mataram kingdom (750-850).
9. The oldest ancient human found in the world, namely: 'Pithecanthropus Erectus' ¬ estimated from 1.8 million years ago.
10. Republic of Indonesia is the country's first born after World War II in 1945. RI is the 70th oldest state in the world.
11. Indonesia is the first country (until now the only one) that ever came out of the United Nations (UN) on January 7, 1965 date. RI to join back to the United Nations in 1966.
12. Indonesian badminton team is the most won badminton men symbol of supremacy, Thomas Cup, which is as many as 13 x (the first time last years 1958 & 2002).
13. Indonesia is a producer of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the world (20% of world supply) is also the second largest tin producer.
14. Indonesia ranked 1st in agricultural products, namely: Clove (cloves) & nutmeg (nutmeg), and No. 2 in the natural rubber (Natural Rubber) and crude palm oil (Crude Palm Oil).
15. Indonesia is the largest exporter of plywood (plywood), which is about 80% in world markets.
16. Coral Reef (Coral Reef) Indonesia is the richest (18% of the total world).
17. Indonesia has the most shark species are 150 species in the world.
18. The world's largest orchid Biodiversity: 6 thousand species of orchids, ranging from the largest (or Tiger Orchid Grammatophyllum speciosum) to the smallest (Taeniophyllum, which leaves no), including the rare Black Orchid, and only occurred in Papua.
19. Having the largest mangrove forest in the world. This plant is useful lo prevent sea water erosion / abrasion.
20. Animals surviving ancient: Komodo dragons are found only on Komodo island, East Nusa Tenggara is the largest lizard in the world. Length bias reaches 3 meters and weighs 90 kg.
21. Rafflesia arnoldi growing in Sumatra is the largest flower in the world. When the flowers bloomed, reaching 1 meter in diameter.
22. Having the world's smallest primate, the Pygmy Tarsier (Tarsius pumilus) or Mount Tarsier also called the length is only 10 cm. Monkey-like animal that lives on trees and have in Sulawesi.
23. The discovery of the world's longest snake is, Python Reticulates along 10 meters in Sulawesi.
24. The world's smallest fish found recently in the muddy swamps of Sumatra. 7.9 mm long as adults, or approximately mosquitoes. Fish's body is transparent and does not have a bone head.
Wednesday, November 11, 2009
Tuesday, November 10, 2009
Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia
The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Appeared on the Dutch flag the main stupa of the temple.
One of the carvings on the walls Karmawibhangga Borobudur temple (the southeast corner of the floor 0)
Restoration of the monument Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO
Borobudur is the name of a Buddhist temple located at Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. Location of the temple is approximately 100 km in the south-west of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Sailendra.
The name of Borobudur
Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other popular etymology. Suppose borobudur word comes from the word "the Buddha" is due to shift into borobudur sound. Another explanation is that the name comes from two words "coal" and "beduhur". Said coal said to have originated from the monastery, while there is also another explanation in which the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the intention is a monastery or hostel located in the high ground.
Historians J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions and Kahulunan Karangtengah, Casparis estimates, founder of the Borobudur is the king of the dynasty named Samaratungga Syailendra around 824 AD The giant new buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Development of Borobudur estimated half-century time-consuming.
Borobudur Structure
Borobudur berundak punden shape, which consists of six levels of a square, three-level circular and a circular main stupa as a peak. Also scattered in all levels-the levels several stupas.
Borobudur is a ten-story clearly illustrates the Mahayana school of philosophy. like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.
The foot of Borobudur represents Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama, or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. In the closed structures have an additional 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. A small portion was set aside additional structure so that people can still see the relief in this section.
Four floors with walls above berelief by the experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu the world who have set themselves free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between nature and the natural bottom up. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues found on the wall niches above ballustrade or hallway.
Start fifth to the seventh floor of the walls not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed in the stupa covered with holes as in a cage. From outside the statues were still dim.
Which describes the highest level being represented by the absence of a stupa, the largest and highest. Stupa described plain without the holes. Within this the largest stupa, believed there was a statue Adibuddha representations. The statue is thought to have come from the largest stupa is now placed in an archeological museum, a few hundred meters from the Borobudur temple. This statue is known as the Buddha unfinished.
In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stone reliefs, two lions, a few times-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn, who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the Dutch Government as that.
Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. That there are long passages that are narrow streets. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In these corridors is expected Buddhist ritual walk around the temple to the right. The shape of the building without room and terraced structure is alleged is the development of berundak punden form, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.
Borobudur structure when viewed from above form a mandala structure.
Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the Interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.
Relief
At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read as counter-clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs there about the epic Ramayana. There are also reliefs Jataka stories.
Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate on each level, starting on the left and ends on the right of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and to the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides of similar right.
The composition and distribution of relief story ledge on the wall and the temple, are as follows:
Relief Chart
Level position / location Relief Story Number Frames
----- Original foot temple Karmawibhangga 160 frames
Level I - walls a. 120 frames Latitawistara
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 120 frames
------- - Ledge a. Jataka / awadana 372 frames
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 128 frames
Level II - wall frame Gandawyuha 128
-------- - Ledge Jataka / awadana 100 frames
Level III - 88 frames Gandawyuha wall
-------- - 88 frames Gandawyuha ledge
Level IV - 84 frames Gandawyuha wall
-------- - 72 frames Gandawyuha ledge
1460 -------- -------- Number of frames
In sequence, the story of the temple reliefs in ringkat significantly as follows:
Karmawibhangga
One of the carvings on the walls Karmawibhangga Borobudur temple (the southeast corner of the floor 0) In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the foot of the temple, reliefs that decorated the walls of these hidden shelf, described the law of karma. Rows of relief is not a story series (series), but in each frame describes a story that has a causal correlation. Relief is not only give you an idea of human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that will get, but also the human good deeds and reward. As a whole is a depiction of human life in the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) that never ends, and by the Buddhist tersebutlah chain which will be ended to to perfection.
Lalitawistara
History is a depiction of the Buddha in a row of relief (but not a complete history) which starts from the Buddha's descent from heaven Tusita, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. 27 frame to describe the activity, both in heaven and on earth, in preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation as the candidate of the Bodhisattvas are Buddhist. Reliefs depicts the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of the King and Queen Maya Suddhodana of State Kapilavastu. Relief amount to 120 frames, which ended with the first discourse, which is symbolically expressed as play Wheel of Dharma, the Buddha's teaching is called dharma also means "law", while represented as a wheel of dharma.
Jataka and Awadana
Jataka tales are stories of the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddharta. Protrusion of the contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas from any other creature. Indeed, the collection service / good deed is the preparation stage in an attempt to keringkat the buddha's.
Awadana while basically similar to the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and the stories collected in the book which means Diwyawadana sainthood noble deeds, and the book of a hundred stories Awadanasataka or Awadana. In the reliefs of Borobudur temple and awadana Jataka, treated the same, meaning they are in the same row without a distinguishable. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattvas is Jatakamala or strands Jataka stories, Aryasura and poet who lived in the 4th century AD.
Gandawyuha
Is a row of reliefs decorate the walls of the hall to the 2, is the story of a wandering Sudhana tirelessly in his quest for knowledge about the Supreme Truth by Sudhana True. Description of the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and for the lid on the story of another Bhadracari.
Stages of development of Borobudur
The first stage
Construction period is not known certainly Borobudur (estimated between 750 and 850 AD). Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid berundak. but later changed. As evidence of stacking order dismantled.
The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened, plus two square steps and one step directly circle given a large parent stupas.
Third stage
Steps up the circle with a large main stupa dismantled and removed and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas built on top of these steps with a large stupa in the middle.
Stage four
There are small changes like making relief changes and curved stairs above the door.
Overview of time the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple
The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Flag of the Netherlands looked at the main stupa candi.1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor-General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs.
1873 - The first monograph published about the temple.
1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of the restoration and maintenance of Borobudur temple.
1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
1956 - Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
1963 - Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the event G-30-S.
1968 - at the conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
1971 - Indonesian government established a body chaired by the restoration of Borobudur Prof.Ir.Roosseno.
Restoration of the monument Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman. UNESCO-sponsored committees provide 5 million U.S. dollars from the cost of 7750 million dollar restoration of the United States. The rest covered Indonesia.
August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the start of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
January 21, 1985 - bomb attacks that destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple, it was soon restored. The attack carried out by an extreme Islamic group led by Habib Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.
One of the carvings on the walls Karmawibhangga Borobudur temple (the southeast corner of the floor 0)
Restoration of the monument Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO
Borobudur is the name of a Buddhist temple located at Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. Location of the temple is approximately 100 km in the south-west of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Sailendra.
The name of Borobudur
Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other popular etymology. Suppose borobudur word comes from the word "the Buddha" is due to shift into borobudur sound. Another explanation is that the name comes from two words "coal" and "beduhur". Said coal said to have originated from the monastery, while there is also another explanation in which the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the intention is a monastery or hostel located in the high ground.
Historians J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions and Kahulunan Karangtengah, Casparis estimates, founder of the Borobudur is the king of the dynasty named Samaratungga Syailendra around 824 AD The giant new buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Development of Borobudur estimated half-century time-consuming.
Borobudur Structure
Borobudur berundak punden shape, which consists of six levels of a square, three-level circular and a circular main stupa as a peak. Also scattered in all levels-the levels several stupas.
Borobudur is a ten-story clearly illustrates the Mahayana school of philosophy. like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.
The foot of Borobudur represents Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama, or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. In the closed structures have an additional 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. A small portion was set aside additional structure so that people can still see the relief in this section.
Four floors with walls above berelief by the experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu the world who have set themselves free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between nature and the natural bottom up. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues found on the wall niches above ballustrade or hallway.
Start fifth to the seventh floor of the walls not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed in the stupa covered with holes as in a cage. From outside the statues were still dim.
Which describes the highest level being represented by the absence of a stupa, the largest and highest. Stupa described plain without the holes. Within this the largest stupa, believed there was a statue Adibuddha representations. The statue is thought to have come from the largest stupa is now placed in an archeological museum, a few hundred meters from the Borobudur temple. This statue is known as the Buddha unfinished.
In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stone reliefs, two lions, a few times-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn, who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the Dutch Government as that.
Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. That there are long passages that are narrow streets. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In these corridors is expected Buddhist ritual walk around the temple to the right. The shape of the building without room and terraced structure is alleged is the development of berundak punden form, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.
Borobudur structure when viewed from above form a mandala structure.
Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the Interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.
Relief
At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read as counter-clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs there about the epic Ramayana. There are also reliefs Jataka stories.
Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate on each level, starting on the left and ends on the right of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and to the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides of similar right.
The composition and distribution of relief story ledge on the wall and the temple, are as follows:
Relief Chart
Level position / location Relief Story Number Frames
----- Original foot temple Karmawibhangga 160 frames
Level I - walls a. 120 frames Latitawistara
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 120 frames
------- - Ledge a. Jataka / awadana 372 frames
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 128 frames
Level II - wall frame Gandawyuha 128
-------- - Ledge Jataka / awadana 100 frames
Level III - 88 frames Gandawyuha wall
-------- - 88 frames Gandawyuha ledge
Level IV - 84 frames Gandawyuha wall
-------- - 72 frames Gandawyuha ledge
1460 -------- -------- Number of frames
In sequence, the story of the temple reliefs in ringkat significantly as follows:
Karmawibhangga
One of the carvings on the walls Karmawibhangga Borobudur temple (the southeast corner of the floor 0) In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the foot of the temple, reliefs that decorated the walls of these hidden shelf, described the law of karma. Rows of relief is not a story series (series), but in each frame describes a story that has a causal correlation. Relief is not only give you an idea of human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that will get, but also the human good deeds and reward. As a whole is a depiction of human life in the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) that never ends, and by the Buddhist tersebutlah chain which will be ended to to perfection.
Lalitawistara
History is a depiction of the Buddha in a row of relief (but not a complete history) which starts from the Buddha's descent from heaven Tusita, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. 27 frame to describe the activity, both in heaven and on earth, in preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation as the candidate of the Bodhisattvas are Buddhist. Reliefs depicts the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of the King and Queen Maya Suddhodana of State Kapilavastu. Relief amount to 120 frames, which ended with the first discourse, which is symbolically expressed as play Wheel of Dharma, the Buddha's teaching is called dharma also means "law", while represented as a wheel of dharma.
Jataka and Awadana
Jataka tales are stories of the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddharta. Protrusion of the contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas from any other creature. Indeed, the collection service / good deed is the preparation stage in an attempt to keringkat the buddha's.
Awadana while basically similar to the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and the stories collected in the book which means Diwyawadana sainthood noble deeds, and the book of a hundred stories Awadanasataka or Awadana. In the reliefs of Borobudur temple and awadana Jataka, treated the same, meaning they are in the same row without a distinguishable. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattvas is Jatakamala or strands Jataka stories, Aryasura and poet who lived in the 4th century AD.
Gandawyuha
Is a row of reliefs decorate the walls of the hall to the 2, is the story of a wandering Sudhana tirelessly in his quest for knowledge about the Supreme Truth by Sudhana True. Description of the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and for the lid on the story of another Bhadracari.
Stages of development of Borobudur
The first stage
Construction period is not known certainly Borobudur (estimated between 750 and 850 AD). Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid berundak. but later changed. As evidence of stacking order dismantled.
The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened, plus two square steps and one step directly circle given a large parent stupas.
Third stage
Steps up the circle with a large main stupa dismantled and removed and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas built on top of these steps with a large stupa in the middle.
Stage four
There are small changes like making relief changes and curved stairs above the door.
Overview of time the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple
The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Flag of the Netherlands looked at the main stupa candi.1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor-General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs.
1873 - The first monograph published about the temple.
1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of the restoration and maintenance of Borobudur temple.
1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
1956 - Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
1963 - Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the event G-30-S.
1968 - at the conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
1971 - Indonesian government established a body chaired by the restoration of Borobudur Prof.Ir.Roosseno.
Restoration of the monument Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman. UNESCO-sponsored committees provide 5 million U.S. dollars from the cost of 7750 million dollar restoration of the United States. The rest covered Indonesia.
August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the start of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
January 21, 1985 - bomb attacks that destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple, it was soon restored. The attack carried out by an extreme Islamic group led by Habib Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.
The eruption of Tambora in 1815 and Year Without Summer
The eruption of Tambora in 1815 and
Year Without Summer
SUMBAWA, INDONESIA; THEN THE WHOLE WORLD
5 April 1815 - until the Spring of 1817
More than 150,000 People Killed
Billions in losses form a Damaged Rice
and Ruin Other
Three separate fires lump rising up so high, and entire surface of the mountain was once covered by the incandescent lava, which expanded to a great distance; the stones, among others for the head, falling within the scope of the diameter of several kilometers, and the fragments spread in the air has resulted in total darkness ... ash released so much that lead to total darkness in Java, a distance as far as 310 miles (500 km). This ash resulting total darkness at noon
, and covering the ground and the roof with a layer several inches thick.
- Sir Stamford Raffles, Governor General Java1 --
Snow began falling around 8 o'clock in the morning - down with rain and drizzle until after 14:00 o'clock. Peaks have been crowned by the snow on each side. The most dismal weather and incredible I've ever seen.
- Bennington, Vermont, farmer Benjamin Harwood,
in his diary early in June 18162
Nuclear Winter
If the flying missiles, and unimaginable event occurs, then the human race does not just have to face death and destruction that has been caused by nuclear, but also should (according to many renowned scientists, including Carl Sagan) nuclear winter.
Nuclear explosions can produce temperatures ranging from 5400 to 7200 degrees Fahrenheit (2980-3980 ° C). Almost all items will burn at this temperature, and if the burning material is organic (human, tree), then the resulting smoke, thick and unhealthy for the breathing, maybe it is not toxic. However, if the material was burned plastic, or glass, or chemicals, or synthetic materials, the gas produced and appeared in the form of smoke may be quite deadly.
Nuclear winter - embezzlement and cooling the atmosphere around the world - will happen when the smoke from one or more nuclear explosions, blocking sunlight reaching the ground, causing a drastic decrease in temperature, rice death everywhere, so do the strange weather that can be snow storms, summer, and a polluted fog.
Nuclear winter that will destroy life forms innumerable, and since has been estimated that Nuclear war between the United States and Russia or China would kill at least one billion people at once, then the nuclear winter that followed believed would kill a billion more.
In 1816, the northeastern United States has obtained the study - in a very small scale - about anything connected with the nuclear winter when the English and the Atlantic coast suffered a year without a summer punctuated by.
Why in June (summer should be) of snow has fallen in Connecticut?
Why is there frost in July in New Hampshire?
The answer is because Mount Tambora Fire located on Sumbawa Island in Indonesia has erupted in the previous year, the volcano spewed ash in the largest amount in the air, in history. Require 104 years for scientists to understand the connection that happens; in 1920 they finally succeeded, and since then, there are explanations for the year without a summer - and a new understanding of the effects could be caused by volcanic eruptions on Earth weather.
Tambora
Everyone thought that Tambora had become extinct. But it is not the case. On April 5, 1815, as tall as Goliath thirteen thousand feet of this (+ 3960 m) have been built and issued a series of echoes roar his presence, and heard in the distance thousands of miles. For five days, the mountain spewed ash in the amount that could demolish the houses in Sumbawa because of its weight. Ash is thick and impenetrable by the sun so that the inhabitants of the island could hardly see his hand in front of their faces. On April 10, culminating with the eruption cloud was a very large fire, which twisted to one another and established on the mountain lit.
This incident was followed by a hurricane, which may be similar to the phenomenon of meteorological storm of fire - a fire storm that formed during forest fires is very great. Like a vacuum, this chaos has swept humans, animals and houses, flying into the air. Living things mutilated and burned, inanimate objects were destroyed and torn apart into pieces innumerable.
Strength exceeds the ability of Tambora eruption of the mountain and the island where the mountain stands. As this mountain releasing tons of rock, lava, and ash, the mountain began to shrink, from thirteen thousand feet (3960 m) to nine thousand feet (2740 m), and ironically the surface of the island began to rise, the ash piled several inches . Ash that has a depth of more than three feet (90 m +), also sucking water around Sumbawa - and finish the work of destruction of human Tambora in its range. Ash had killed all the vegetables, and starvation soon to follow, combined with a cholera epidemic, has increased the number of 80,000 deaths where 12,000 people were killed instantly during the eruption.
Eruption Without Summer
One observer thought that the Tambora eruption of ash that has been issued by this volcano, if distributed evenly will probably cover the whole of Germany. Most of the ash did not fall to the ground, but remains in the atmosphere, and began traveling around the world carried by the wind.
A very large cloud has led to decreasing temperature of the earth, and the destruction of the summer rice began yellowing in Europe and the UK.
Temperature in June was far below normal, and contributed to the damage that was caused by prolonged drought. The farmers began to take the road to feed them corn harvest could on their cattle, so as not to lose their flocks. In Switzerland, the people who have eaten the starving dogs and cats are lost. The farmers of New York was forced to dig a potato plant that had just planted to feed their families.
. People began to hunt raccoon (mammal like cats) and pigeons to eat. Hunger and disease are estimated to have increased the number of dead is almost as much as 50,000, the overall number of deaths Tambora Mountain, although at that time no one who understands the link between the year without summer and volcanic eruptions that were located thousands of miles, and broke hundreds of days in period then this.
Even though they understand it, the farmers seem to nineteenth-century England was a quiet and stoic would not have believed.
1 Karen Farrington, Natural Disasters, 44.
2 Keith Heidom, "Eighteen Hundred and froze to Death," The Weather Doctor in http://www.Islandnet.com/-see/weather/history/1816.htm.
Year Without Summer
SUMBAWA, INDONESIA; THEN THE WHOLE WORLD
5 April 1815 - until the Spring of 1817
More than 150,000 People Killed
Billions in losses form a Damaged Rice
and Ruin Other
Three separate fires lump rising up so high, and entire surface of the mountain was once covered by the incandescent lava, which expanded to a great distance; the stones, among others for the head, falling within the scope of the diameter of several kilometers, and the fragments spread in the air has resulted in total darkness ... ash released so much that lead to total darkness in Java, a distance as far as 310 miles (500 km). This ash resulting total darkness at noon
, and covering the ground and the roof with a layer several inches thick.
- Sir Stamford Raffles, Governor General Java1 --
Snow began falling around 8 o'clock in the morning - down with rain and drizzle until after 14:00 o'clock. Peaks have been crowned by the snow on each side. The most dismal weather and incredible I've ever seen.
- Bennington, Vermont, farmer Benjamin Harwood,
in his diary early in June 18162
Nuclear Winter
If the flying missiles, and unimaginable event occurs, then the human race does not just have to face death and destruction that has been caused by nuclear, but also should (according to many renowned scientists, including Carl Sagan) nuclear winter.
Nuclear explosions can produce temperatures ranging from 5400 to 7200 degrees Fahrenheit (2980-3980 ° C). Almost all items will burn at this temperature, and if the burning material is organic (human, tree), then the resulting smoke, thick and unhealthy for the breathing, maybe it is not toxic. However, if the material was burned plastic, or glass, or chemicals, or synthetic materials, the gas produced and appeared in the form of smoke may be quite deadly.
Nuclear winter - embezzlement and cooling the atmosphere around the world - will happen when the smoke from one or more nuclear explosions, blocking sunlight reaching the ground, causing a drastic decrease in temperature, rice death everywhere, so do the strange weather that can be snow storms, summer, and a polluted fog.
Nuclear winter that will destroy life forms innumerable, and since has been estimated that Nuclear war between the United States and Russia or China would kill at least one billion people at once, then the nuclear winter that followed believed would kill a billion more.
In 1816, the northeastern United States has obtained the study - in a very small scale - about anything connected with the nuclear winter when the English and the Atlantic coast suffered a year without a summer punctuated by.
Why in June (summer should be) of snow has fallen in Connecticut?
Why is there frost in July in New Hampshire?
The answer is because Mount Tambora Fire located on Sumbawa Island in Indonesia has erupted in the previous year, the volcano spewed ash in the largest amount in the air, in history. Require 104 years for scientists to understand the connection that happens; in 1920 they finally succeeded, and since then, there are explanations for the year without a summer - and a new understanding of the effects could be caused by volcanic eruptions on Earth weather.
Tambora
Everyone thought that Tambora had become extinct. But it is not the case. On April 5, 1815, as tall as Goliath thirteen thousand feet of this (+ 3960 m) have been built and issued a series of echoes roar his presence, and heard in the distance thousands of miles. For five days, the mountain spewed ash in the amount that could demolish the houses in Sumbawa because of its weight. Ash is thick and impenetrable by the sun so that the inhabitants of the island could hardly see his hand in front of their faces. On April 10, culminating with the eruption cloud was a very large fire, which twisted to one another and established on the mountain lit.
This incident was followed by a hurricane, which may be similar to the phenomenon of meteorological storm of fire - a fire storm that formed during forest fires is very great. Like a vacuum, this chaos has swept humans, animals and houses, flying into the air. Living things mutilated and burned, inanimate objects were destroyed and torn apart into pieces innumerable.
Strength exceeds the ability of Tambora eruption of the mountain and the island where the mountain stands. As this mountain releasing tons of rock, lava, and ash, the mountain began to shrink, from thirteen thousand feet (3960 m) to nine thousand feet (2740 m), and ironically the surface of the island began to rise, the ash piled several inches . Ash that has a depth of more than three feet (90 m +), also sucking water around Sumbawa - and finish the work of destruction of human Tambora in its range. Ash had killed all the vegetables, and starvation soon to follow, combined with a cholera epidemic, has increased the number of 80,000 deaths where 12,000 people were killed instantly during the eruption.
Eruption Without Summer
One observer thought that the Tambora eruption of ash that has been issued by this volcano, if distributed evenly will probably cover the whole of Germany. Most of the ash did not fall to the ground, but remains in the atmosphere, and began traveling around the world carried by the wind.
A very large cloud has led to decreasing temperature of the earth, and the destruction of the summer rice began yellowing in Europe and the UK.
Temperature in June was far below normal, and contributed to the damage that was caused by prolonged drought. The farmers began to take the road to feed them corn harvest could on their cattle, so as not to lose their flocks. In Switzerland, the people who have eaten the starving dogs and cats are lost. The farmers of New York was forced to dig a potato plant that had just planted to feed their families.
Summer frost has killed the strange set of rice soon this trick planted crops
. People began to hunt raccoon (mammal like cats) and pigeons to eat. Hunger and disease are estimated to have increased the number of dead is almost as much as 50,000, the overall number of deaths Tambora Mountain, although at that time no one who understands the link between the year without summer and volcanic eruptions that were located thousands of miles, and broke hundreds of days in period then this.
Even though they understand it, the farmers seem to nineteenth-century England was a quiet and stoic would not have believed.
1 Karen Farrington, Natural Disasters, 44.
2 Keith Heidom, "Eighteen Hundred and froze to Death," The Weather Doctor in http://www.Islandnet.com/-see/weather/history/1816.htm.
Saturday, November 7, 2009
Swordsman, Swordsman from Indonesia
The pitung champion from Betawi
Pitung is one of the original people of Indonesia warriors came from the area from Betawi Rawabelong village in West Jakarta. Pitung educated by his parents hoped to be a devout religious obedience. His father and His mother Bang Piun Mpok left the Pitung Pinah to learn the Koran and learn Arabic to Hajj Naipin.
After the Pitung adult motion with his friends because he can not bear to see the peoples of the poor. For that he guerillas to rob and robbing the public wealth that results of this rampasannya distributed to poor people who need them.
Also Pitung like to defend the truth which if met with the usurper of their own interests at the Pitung then be combated and of all his opponents Pitung always superior.
Pitung meluar movement and eventually the Dutch Company which then held the power in the land of Indonesia take action against the Pitung. Dutch police leaders deploy troops to arrest the Pitung, but many times these attacks did not produce anything. Pitung always qualify and are not easily captured by Dutch troops. Plus-plus have knowledge of the Pitung immune sejata weapons and fire.
Dutch Company had not lost his mind, the leader of the Dutch troops for teachers of the Pitung Naipin Hajj. Taken hostage and pointing toward sejata Haji Naipin to provide a way to weaken the power of the Pitung, Haji Naipin finally gave in and let the weaknesses of the Pitung.
At one point, the Dutch knew of the existence and direct Pitung ambush and attack suddenly. Pitung a resistance, and eventually died because the Pitung Dutch Company had known the weakness of the teacher Haji Pitung Naipin.
JOKO TINGKIR from Lamongan
Joko Tingkir studied magic of Ki Yang Banyubiru. He studied the sacred sciences because they want to atone for forgiveness because he had killed Dadungawuk Sodara from the Sultan of Demak.
Yang Ki Banyubiru give science lessons at Mount Lawu magic. One of them is by immersing themselves in the cold river, with the aim to control the passions.
After several months studying Tingkir Joko, Ki Yang Banyubiru been allowed to Joko Tingkir to meet the Sultan of Demak to ask for forgiveness for he had done the killing Dadungawuk.
In his way to the Sultan of Demak, Joko Tingkir too many wild animals are confronting, one of which was conquered king crocodile and his gang.
Arriving in the village of Sultan of Demak, happened in the village was the occurrence of a raging bull and wild memporak pondakan whole village, at that very moment Joko Tingkir met with the Sultan of Demak to ask for forgiveness with the requirements should be able to resist the wild bull, the Sultan of Demak agreed. Joko Tingkir finally managed to fight the bull with a savage blow to the head of a bull, mental and eventually broke the bull fell down dead.
The soldier was fascinated with didesa Joko Tingkir action which has faced fierce bull with a strong and defeat.
Sultan of Demak forgive Joko Tingkir deed and forgave him the other day. Then Joko Tingkir appointed pempimpin private army, and finally became law of the Sultan of Demak.
JAKA Tarub
Disuatu rural villages in Indonesia, there lived a widow and a son named Jake in the hamlet Tarub. As a child he liked to play with the menyumpit bird kebiasaanya. Chopsticks even until today was always carried around everywhere.
At a heart Tarub Jake was walking amid the woods and see the birds and Jake Tarub menyumpitnya but not wearing. Bird-Butung were flying and being chased by Jake Tarub. Forests in its path when it is very haunted forest. Dikesibukan chasing birds, Jake Tarub heard several women who were bathing in a small waterfall. Jake Tarub lurking and peeping from behind bushes and shrubs. And saw there was a shawl nearby and picked by Jaka Tarub.
It turned out that women who are bathed in it is a collection of angel who fell from heaven. One angel Jake Tarub menyadai if their peek in the shower, finally all the angels there to panic and fly back to heaven. Except one confused angel looking shawl the subscription by Jake Tarub. Then the angel and Jake Tarub greet each other.
Angel joined by Jake Tarub to his village, and they both lived together until the children have 1. During his work though Jake Tarub sleep only to sleep but the results of abundant food because of the magic of an angel. Barn in full, presented a lot of fast food.
At one point Jake Tarub accidentally break a promise given by bidadarinya is not allowed to open dishes cooked right before. Finally, the magic of the angel disappeared. And they returned to bekerjakeras every day.
One day the angel found that disimpang shawl by Jake Tarub, finally separation takes place, the angel again went Tarub kekayangan left and his son Jake.
ARYA PENANGSANG
At work Pajai achieve greatness in coastal and eastern regions with the reign of Sultan Adiwijaya, all the people and the rulers subject and according to him, there is only one man who refused to submit to the Duke Jipang named Arya Panangsang.
Sultan insisted Adiwijaya menundukan Arya Panangsang, then gathered the kings advisors to negotiate menundukan Arya Panangsang. The results of negotiations, it was decided to be announced at the general public "Whoever can beat Arya Panangsang of Jipang will be given prizes and wealth". However, this strategy has failed.
Selanutnya strategy is, to send a message to Aryan Panangsang through the gardener who chopped his ear. Arya Pangsang angry and decided to fight Sulta Adiwijaya. Because the Arya impatient Panangsang go ahead, arriving at the river River, it has a lot of troops Sultan Adiwijaya long awaited. With persistent Arya Panangsang using magic spear can topple a lot of troops.
However, Arya perperangan interrupted wound Panangsang get torn stomach dibagian so gut to get out, by Arya Panangsang wrap his intestines on the keris and the continuing war. Betapa gigih dan pemberaninya Arya Panangsang.
Because the war is not balanced because the number of troops while the Aryan Panangsang was alone, luncurlah a spear pierced his chest Aryan Panangsang, and when Aryan wants to get even with Panangsang keris, he forgot that he wrap his intestines dikeris, kris finally lifted and the intestines were cut-Panangsang Arya Arya resulting in broken Panangsang killed.
SANGKURIANG
Sangkuriang born of the phantom who lives together with human berkehidupan, at that time the heyday of the kingdom with a king Parahyangan Sungging Prabangkara King.
Sangkuriang grow in the jungles that were raised by the sages of old, he learned many magic sciences and often make the hermitage. Sangkuriang grown into a powerful young man, powerful and handsome mandraguna.
Beginning of a story, he was wandering in a forest and he helped a woman who was threatened by a rhinoceros soul of the savage ready hit, with a rapid movement Sangkuriang helped her out of danger using his power.
Sangkuriang unwitting fascination of this woman and it turns out the woman is her birth mother. Sangkuriang to woo her, but the woman objected Sangkuriang Karana is her own child, so that did not happen then the woman gave the requirements to ask for her hand is by making a large lake and the boat overnight, finally Sangkuriang menyanggupinya and failed.
The half-finished boat was kicked by Sangkuriang and gradually turned into a mountain which is now called the smoothing Tangkuban Perahu mountain.
Sangkuriang begged pardon request to the gods for all these actions.
Joko Tole
A king Brawijaya beranama King, ordered the professor to dibuatkannya completeness iron gates large and magnificent. And has an annual one friend Professor completeness and others have done but also unfinished iron gate.
Diminished energy and completeness professor fell ill and could not continue perkerjaanya completing the tasks assigned by the King Brawijaya. Then Master completeness send the news to her adopted son named Jake Tole. He soon followed Professor completeness of Majapahit.
In the journey through several villages, Jake Tole met a man wearing a black robe headband. Then there was dialogue between Jake Tole him. Tole Jake told aim to Majapahit to finish the job finished iron gates large and stately in the day, if not subject to punishment. Robed men give flowers and sent setengkai Tole Jake eat, then she reached the Majapahit, Jake Tole your body burn up from pusarmu will come out to connect patrian iron gate.
Then Jake Tole continue his journey to the Majapahit and finally reached and the king sri menemuni Brawijaya king. Then Jake Tole berkesanggupan to help his adopted father Professor completeness and finish the job membaut big door big iron in one night and if not completed will menerim punishment.
Then Jake Tole mengumpulan the workers, and tells Jake bahwasannya Tole patrian got a very good iron, the body burned by Jake dibagian Tole patrian navel discharge that can be used to complete perampungan iron door. And in one night workers resolved, a large iron door so. King Brawijaya very happy watching the gate. Then King Brawijaya give the gift of silver and gold jewelry.
Pitung is one of the original people of Indonesia warriors came from the area from Betawi Rawabelong village in West Jakarta. Pitung educated by his parents hoped to be a devout religious obedience. His father and His mother Bang Piun Mpok left the Pitung Pinah to learn the Koran and learn Arabic to Hajj Naipin.
After the Pitung adult motion with his friends because he can not bear to see the peoples of the poor. For that he guerillas to rob and robbing the public wealth that results of this rampasannya distributed to poor people who need them.
Also Pitung like to defend the truth which if met with the usurper of their own interests at the Pitung then be combated and of all his opponents Pitung always superior.
Pitung meluar movement and eventually the Dutch Company which then held the power in the land of Indonesia take action against the Pitung. Dutch police leaders deploy troops to arrest the Pitung, but many times these attacks did not produce anything. Pitung always qualify and are not easily captured by Dutch troops. Plus-plus have knowledge of the Pitung immune sejata weapons and fire.
Dutch Company had not lost his mind, the leader of the Dutch troops for teachers of the Pitung Naipin Hajj. Taken hostage and pointing toward sejata Haji Naipin to provide a way to weaken the power of the Pitung, Haji Naipin finally gave in and let the weaknesses of the Pitung.
At one point, the Dutch knew of the existence and direct Pitung ambush and attack suddenly. Pitung a resistance, and eventually died because the Pitung Dutch Company had known the weakness of the teacher Haji Pitung Naipin.
JOKO TINGKIR from Lamongan
Joko Tingkir studied magic of Ki Yang Banyubiru. He studied the sacred sciences because they want to atone for forgiveness because he had killed Dadungawuk Sodara from the Sultan of Demak.
Yang Ki Banyubiru give science lessons at Mount Lawu magic. One of them is by immersing themselves in the cold river, with the aim to control the passions.
After several months studying Tingkir Joko, Ki Yang Banyubiru been allowed to Joko Tingkir to meet the Sultan of Demak to ask for forgiveness for he had done the killing Dadungawuk.
In his way to the Sultan of Demak, Joko Tingkir too many wild animals are confronting, one of which was conquered king crocodile and his gang.
Arriving in the village of Sultan of Demak, happened in the village was the occurrence of a raging bull and wild memporak pondakan whole village, at that very moment Joko Tingkir met with the Sultan of Demak to ask for forgiveness with the requirements should be able to resist the wild bull, the Sultan of Demak agreed. Joko Tingkir finally managed to fight the bull with a savage blow to the head of a bull, mental and eventually broke the bull fell down dead.
The soldier was fascinated with didesa Joko Tingkir action which has faced fierce bull with a strong and defeat.
Sultan of Demak forgive Joko Tingkir deed and forgave him the other day. Then Joko Tingkir appointed pempimpin private army, and finally became law of the Sultan of Demak.
JAKA Tarub
Disuatu rural villages in Indonesia, there lived a widow and a son named Jake in the hamlet Tarub. As a child he liked to play with the menyumpit bird kebiasaanya. Chopsticks even until today was always carried around everywhere.
At a heart Tarub Jake was walking amid the woods and see the birds and Jake Tarub menyumpitnya but not wearing. Bird-Butung were flying and being chased by Jake Tarub. Forests in its path when it is very haunted forest. Dikesibukan chasing birds, Jake Tarub heard several women who were bathing in a small waterfall. Jake Tarub lurking and peeping from behind bushes and shrubs. And saw there was a shawl nearby and picked by Jaka Tarub.
It turned out that women who are bathed in it is a collection of angel who fell from heaven. One angel Jake Tarub menyadai if their peek in the shower, finally all the angels there to panic and fly back to heaven. Except one confused angel looking shawl the subscription by Jake Tarub. Then the angel and Jake Tarub greet each other.
Angel joined by Jake Tarub to his village, and they both lived together until the children have 1. During his work though Jake Tarub sleep only to sleep but the results of abundant food because of the magic of an angel. Barn in full, presented a lot of fast food.
At one point Jake Tarub accidentally break a promise given by bidadarinya is not allowed to open dishes cooked right before. Finally, the magic of the angel disappeared. And they returned to bekerjakeras every day.
One day the angel found that disimpang shawl by Jake Tarub, finally separation takes place, the angel again went Tarub kekayangan left and his son Jake.
ARYA PENANGSANG
At work Pajai achieve greatness in coastal and eastern regions with the reign of Sultan Adiwijaya, all the people and the rulers subject and according to him, there is only one man who refused to submit to the Duke Jipang named Arya Panangsang.
Sultan insisted Adiwijaya menundukan Arya Panangsang, then gathered the kings advisors to negotiate menundukan Arya Panangsang. The results of negotiations, it was decided to be announced at the general public "Whoever can beat Arya Panangsang of Jipang will be given prizes and wealth". However, this strategy has failed.
Selanutnya strategy is, to send a message to Aryan Panangsang through the gardener who chopped his ear. Arya Pangsang angry and decided to fight Sulta Adiwijaya. Because the Arya impatient Panangsang go ahead, arriving at the river River, it has a lot of troops Sultan Adiwijaya long awaited. With persistent Arya Panangsang using magic spear can topple a lot of troops.
However, Arya perperangan interrupted wound Panangsang get torn stomach dibagian so gut to get out, by Arya Panangsang wrap his intestines on the keris and the continuing war. Betapa gigih dan pemberaninya Arya Panangsang.
Because the war is not balanced because the number of troops while the Aryan Panangsang was alone, luncurlah a spear pierced his chest Aryan Panangsang, and when Aryan wants to get even with Panangsang keris, he forgot that he wrap his intestines dikeris, kris finally lifted and the intestines were cut-Panangsang Arya Arya resulting in broken Panangsang killed.
SANGKURIANG
Sangkuriang born of the phantom who lives together with human berkehidupan, at that time the heyday of the kingdom with a king Parahyangan Sungging Prabangkara King.
Sangkuriang grow in the jungles that were raised by the sages of old, he learned many magic sciences and often make the hermitage. Sangkuriang grown into a powerful young man, powerful and handsome mandraguna.
Beginning of a story, he was wandering in a forest and he helped a woman who was threatened by a rhinoceros soul of the savage ready hit, with a rapid movement Sangkuriang helped her out of danger using his power.
Sangkuriang unwitting fascination of this woman and it turns out the woman is her birth mother. Sangkuriang to woo her, but the woman objected Sangkuriang Karana is her own child, so that did not happen then the woman gave the requirements to ask for her hand is by making a large lake and the boat overnight, finally Sangkuriang menyanggupinya and failed.
The half-finished boat was kicked by Sangkuriang and gradually turned into a mountain which is now called the smoothing Tangkuban Perahu mountain.
Sangkuriang begged pardon request to the gods for all these actions.
Joko Tole
A king Brawijaya beranama King, ordered the professor to dibuatkannya completeness iron gates large and magnificent. And has an annual one friend Professor completeness and others have done but also unfinished iron gate.
Diminished energy and completeness professor fell ill and could not continue perkerjaanya completing the tasks assigned by the King Brawijaya. Then Master completeness send the news to her adopted son named Jake Tole. He soon followed Professor completeness of Majapahit.
In the journey through several villages, Jake Tole met a man wearing a black robe headband. Then there was dialogue between Jake Tole him. Tole Jake told aim to Majapahit to finish the job finished iron gates large and stately in the day, if not subject to punishment. Robed men give flowers and sent setengkai Tole Jake eat, then she reached the Majapahit, Jake Tole your body burn up from pusarmu will come out to connect patrian iron gate.
Then Jake Tole continue his journey to the Majapahit and finally reached and the king sri menemuni Brawijaya king. Then Jake Tole berkesanggupan to help his adopted father Professor completeness and finish the job membaut big door big iron in one night and if not completed will menerim punishment.
Then Jake Tole mengumpulan the workers, and tells Jake bahwasannya Tole patrian got a very good iron, the body burned by Jake dibagian Tole patrian navel discharge that can be used to complete perampungan iron door. And in one night workers resolved, a large iron door so. King Brawijaya very happy watching the gate. Then King Brawijaya give the gift of silver and gold jewelry.
Friday, November 6, 2009
West Sumatra
Provincial origin of the Clock Tower
Data and Statistics
Clock Tower. Photo: bukittinggikota
West Sumatra Province in the central western part of Sumatra Island. Having plains on the west coast and the volcanic highlands formed Barisan which stretches from northwest to southeast. Mentawai Islands, located in the Indian Ocean included in this province. West Sumatra coastline all contact with the Indian Ocean along 375 km.
West Sumatra in the past is the essence of the Kingdom of Pagarruyung. In adminisitrasi colonial Dutch East Indies, the region incorporated in the Gouvernement Sumatra's Westkust which includes Tapanuli area. Since 1906 the region became separated Tapanuli Residentie Tapanuli. While Kerinci area later incorporated into Sumatra's Westkust.
At the beginning of the independence of Indonesia, West Sumatra province joined in the center of Sumatra in Medan. Sumatra province and then split into three, namely North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, and South Sumatra. West Sumatra is a resident in the province of Central Sumatra and Riau and Jambi residency.
The language used in everyday life which is the Minangkabau language has several dialects, such as the dialect of Bukittinggi, Pariaman dialects, dialect and the dialects of South Coastal Payakumbuh. Pasaman areas bordering North Sumatra, the Batak languages are also spoken dialect Mandailing, which is usually used Mandailing Batak tribe. Meanwhile, in the form of the Mentawai islands and is located several hundred kilometers off the coast of West Sumatra, the language used is language Mentawai.
Coordinates U-0 ° 102 ° S 98 ° -102 ° E
The capital of Padang
Size 42,297.30 km ²
Population 4,697,764 (2007)
Density 104/km ²
District 12
Municipality / City 7
Sub 147
Kelurahan / Village 877
Interest Minangkabau, Batak Mandailing, Mentawai, Nias tribe, Javanese
Religion Islam (98%), Christians (1.6%), Hindu (0.0032%), Buddhists (0.26%)
Minangkabau Language, Bahasa Melayu / Indonesian
Time zone WIB
Chicken Folk Den Lapeh, Nan Kampuang in Mato Jauah, Kambanglah Bungo, Minangkabau, Bareh Solok, Tinggalah Kampuang.
Banten
Data and Statistics
Banten region is geographically close to the island of Java and Sumatra. It is located right between the island and the city of Jakarta. With a total area of 9160.70 km2 and the population reached 9,223,850, most of the population still live in rural areas in the form of a large family.
Banten consists of 4 districts and 3 cities of Serang Regency, Pandeglang, Lebak, Tangerang and Cilegon, Serang, Tangerang. Serang City is the capital of Banten.Terletak 8 degrees south of the equator, this province has a tropical climate with two seasons: rainy and dry season. The southern part of Banten is a sloping hilly areas, while the northern coastal region.
Community Banten has Islamic roots are strong and original culture still exist in their lives. Cultural roots are still attached that make Jakarta as a place of cultural tourism, nature, and pilgrimage.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Presidential Biography
1. Ir. Soekarno
Name: Ir. Soekarno
Call Name: Bung Karno
Small Name: Kusno.
Born: Blitar, East Java, June 6, 1901
Died: Jakarta, June 21, 1970
Grave: Blitar, East Java
Title (Heroes): Proclaimer
Position: First President (1945-1966)
Wife and Children: Three wives of eight children
Fatmawati wife, children: Guntur, Megawati, Rachmawati, Sukmawati and Thunder
Hartini wife, children: Typhoon and Bayu
Wife Ratna Sari Dewi, the woman called the original Japanese derivative Naoko Nemoto, a child: Kartika.
Father: Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo
Mother: Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai
Education:
HIS in Surabaya (boarder at the house **** Tokroaminoto Said Kung, founder of the veteran politician Syarikat Islam)
HBS (Hoogere Burger School) graduated in 1920
THS (Technische Hoogeschool High school or technical knowledge is now the ITB) in Bandung, graduated May 25, 1926
Teachings: Marhaenisme
Political Activities: Establishing the PNI (Indonesian National Party) on July 4, 1927
Imprisoned in Sukamiskin, Bandung on December 29, 1929
Joining lead Partindo (1931)
Exiled to Ende, Flores in 1933 and four years later moved to Bengkulu.
Formulating the Pancasila June 1, 1945
Bung Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2. H.M. Suharto
Name: H. Muhammad Soeharto
Born: Kemusuk, Argomulyo, Godean, June 1, 1921
Meningal: January 27, 2008
Religion: Islam
Last Position: President of the Republic of Indonesia (1966-1998)
Rank: General Large (Five Star)
Wife: Mrs. Tien Soeharto (Siti Hartinah)
Children:
Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti (Mbak Tutut)
Sigit Harjojudanto
Bambang Trihatmodjo
Siti Hediati
Hutomo Mandala Putra (Tommy)
Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih
Father: Kertosudiro
Mother: Sukirah
Address:
No.8 Jalan Cendana, Menteng
Jakarta Pusat
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
3. B.J. Habibie
Name: Prof.. Dr.Ing. Dr. Sc.h.c. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie
Born: Pare-Pare, June 25, 1936
Religion: Islam
Position: Third President (1998-1999)
Founder and Chairman of the Board of Trustees The Habibie Center
Wife: dr. Hasri Ainun Habibie (Married May 12, 1962)
Children: Ilham Akbar and Thareq Kemal
Grandchildren: Four people
Father: Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie
Mother: R.A. Tuti Marini Puspowardoyo
Number of Brothers: The Brothers Four of Eight
Education:
1. ITB Bandung, in 1954
2. Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochscule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany, with the degree Diplom-Ingenieur, cum laude at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Design and Construction of Aircraft (1955-1960).
3. Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochscule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany, with a doctorate aircraft construction, summa cum laude, at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Design and Construction of Aircraft (1960-1965).
4. Delivering the inaugural speech professor of aircraft construction in the ITB Bandung, in the year 1977.
Occupation:
1. Head of Research and Development of Structure Analysis on the company's Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH, Hamburg, Germany between the years 1965-1969.
2. Head of Methods and Technology Division of Commercial Aircraft and Military Transport MBB GmbH, in Hamburg and Munich between 1969-19973
3. Vice President and Director of Technology at MBB GmbH, Hamburg and Munich in 1973-1978
4. Senior Technology Adviser to the Board of Directors of MBB in 1978.
5. Return to Indonesia and led the Advanced Technology Division, Pertamina, which is the origin of BPPT, years 1974-1978.
6. The Indonesian government adviser on Technology and Development Aircraft, responsible directly to the President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto in the year 1974-1978.
7. Minister of State for Research and Technology (Research and Technology) and Chairman of the Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) in 1978-1998.
8. Vice President R.I. on March 11, 1998-21 May 1998.
9. May 21 President 1998-20 October 1999.
Organization:
Founder and Chairman of the ICMI
Awards:
Theodore Van Karman Award
Source:
From various sources including The Habibie Center and the Suharto Center.com
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
4. Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur)
Name: Abdurrahman Wahid
Born: Denanyar, Jombang, East Java, August 4, 1940.
Dear Parent: Wahid Hasyim (father), Solechah (mother).
Wife: Sinta Nuriyah
The children: Alisa Qotrunada Anisa Arifah Zannuba Inayah Hayatunufus Regis
Education:
• Pesantren Pond Rice, Jombang (1959-1963)
• Department of Islamic and Arabic Studies High Level, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt (1964-1966)
• Faculty of Letters of the University of Baghdad (1966-1970)
Career:
• Islamic School Teacher Lecturer and Dean of the Faculty of the University Ushuludin Hasyim Ashari (a branch of theology and philosophy of law is concerned)
• Chairman of the Jakarta Art Center (1983-1985)
• Inventor Pesantren Ciganjur (1984-present)
• Chairman of the Nahdlatul Ulama (1984-1999)
• Chairman of the Democracy Forum (1990)
• Chairman of the Conference on Religion and World Peace (1994)
• Members of the Assembly (1999)
• President of the Republic of Indonesia (20 October 1999-24 July 2001)
Awards
• Magsaysay Award from the Philippine government for his efforts to develop inter-religious relations in Indonesia (1993)
• Award of the governmental Islamic Da'wah Egypt (1991)
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
5. Megawati Soekarno Putri
Name: Dr. (HC) Hj. Megawati Sukarnoputri
Full Name: Dyah Permata Megawati Sukarnoputri Lahi
Born: Yogyakarta, January 23, 1947
Religion: Islam
Husband: Taufik Kiemas
Child: 3 people, (2 sons, 1 daughter)
Career:
:: President Ke-5 RI (2001 - 2004)
:: Vice President (1999 - 2001)
:: Members of the DPR / MPR RI (1999)
:: Members of the DPR / MPR RI (1987-1992)
Education:
:: SD s / d Perguruan Cikini high school
:: Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University (1965-1967)
:: Faculty of Psychology University of Indonesia (1970-1972).
Organization:
:: GMNI Activist, 1965-1972
:: Chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) Central Jakarta Branch
:: PDI Chairman, 1993-1998, General Assembly 1993 Results, December 22 1993-1998
:: Chairman of the PDI Struggle, 1998-April 2000, Congress Results 1998, Sanur, Bali, 8-10 October 1998
:: Chairman of Struggle PDI, April 2000-2005, results of the PDI-P Congress, Semarang, Central Java, April 2000
:: Participants in the International Convention of Islamic Women in Pakistan, 1994
Awards
:: "Priyadarshni Award" from the institution Priyadarshni Academy, Mumbay, India, 19 September 1998
:: Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Waseda, Tokyo, Japan, 29 September 2001
Office Address:
Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 6 Jakarta 10110
Home Address:
:: Official: Teuku Umar Street 27-A, Jakarta Pusat
:: Personal: Jl. Fineness IV No. 45 RT 010 RW 04, Kel. Fineness Kec. Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
6. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Name: Army General (ret.) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Born: Pacitan, East Java, 9 September 1949
Religion: Islam
Wife: Christian Herawati,
The third daughter of the late Gen. (Ret.) Sarwo Edhi Wibowo
Children: Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono and Edhie Baskoro Yudhoyono
Last Rank:
General TNI (September 25, 2000)
Education:
= Armed Forces Academy (Akabri) in 1973
= American Language Course, Lackland, Texas, USA, 1976
= Airbone and Ranger Course, Fort Benning, USA, 1976
= Infantry Officer Advanced Course, Fort Benning, USA, 1982-1983
= On the job training in the 82-nd Airbone Division, Fort Bragg, USA, 1983
= Jungle Warfare School, Panama, 1983
= Antitank Weapon Course in Belgium and Germany, 1984
= Battalion Command Course, 1985
= Army Command School, 1988-1989
= Command and General Staff College, Fort = Leavenwort, Kansas, USA
Master of Arts (MA) from Management Webster University, Missouri, USA
Career:
- And the 330 Airborne Yonif Tonpan Kostrad (1974-1976)
- And 305 Yonif Tonpan Kostrad (1976-1977)
- And Mr. Mo 81 Yonif Airborne Kostrad 330 (1977)
- 17th Airborne Pasi-2/Ops Mabrigif Kujang I Kostrad (1977-1978)
- And the 330 Airborne Yonif Kipan Kostrad (1979-1981)
- SOPs SUAD Paban Young (1981-1982)
- Commander of the Infantry School Coach (1983-1985)
- And 744 Dam Yonif IX / Udayana (1986-1988)
- Dam SOPs Paban Madyalat IX / Udayana (1988)
- Lecturer Seskoad (1989-1992)
- Korspri Armed Forces Commander (1993)
- And Brigif Airborne 17 Kujang 1 Kostrad (1993-1994)
- Asops Kodam Jaya (1994-1995)
- 072/Pamungkas Kodam Danrem IV / Diponegoro (1995)
- Chief Military Observer United Nations Peace Forces (UNPF) in Bosnia-Herzegovina (since the beginning of November 1995)
- Kasdam Jaya (1996-only five months)
- Regional Commander II / Sriwijaya (1996 -) and Chairman Bakorstanasda
- Chairman of the Armed Forces faction Assembly (MPR Special Session 1998)
- Chief of Staff of the Territorial (caster Armed Forces (1998-1999)
- Mentamben (since October 26, 1999)
- Coordinating Polsoskam (Government President KH Abdurrahman Wahid)
- Coordinating Minister for Political and Security Affairs (Government of President Megawati Sukarnopotri) resigned March 11, 2004
Assignment:
Operation East Timor (1979-1980), and 1986-1988
Awards:
- Adi Makayasa (best graduates Akabri 1973)
- Honorour Graduated IOAC, USA, 1983
- Figures for Best Oral Language, 2003.
Address:
Jl. Alternative Cibubur Indah Puri Cikeas
No. 2 Village Nagrag Kec. Gunung Putri, Bogor 16,967
Name: Ir. Soekarno
Call Name: Bung Karno
Small Name: Kusno.
Born: Blitar, East Java, June 6, 1901
Died: Jakarta, June 21, 1970
Grave: Blitar, East Java
Title (Heroes): Proclaimer
Position: First President (1945-1966)
Wife and Children: Three wives of eight children
Fatmawati wife, children: Guntur, Megawati, Rachmawati, Sukmawati and Thunder
Hartini wife, children: Typhoon and Bayu
Wife Ratna Sari Dewi, the woman called the original Japanese derivative Naoko Nemoto, a child: Kartika.
Father: Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo
Mother: Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai
Education:
HIS in Surabaya (boarder at the house **** Tokroaminoto Said Kung, founder of the veteran politician Syarikat Islam)
HBS (Hoogere Burger School) graduated in 1920
THS (Technische Hoogeschool High school or technical knowledge is now the ITB) in Bandung, graduated May 25, 1926
Teachings: Marhaenisme
Political Activities: Establishing the PNI (Indonesian National Party) on July 4, 1927
Imprisoned in Sukamiskin, Bandung on December 29, 1929
Joining lead Partindo (1931)
Exiled to Ende, Flores in 1933 and four years later moved to Bengkulu.
Formulating the Pancasila June 1, 1945
Bung Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence on August 17, 1945
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
2. H.M. Suharto
Name: H. Muhammad Soeharto
Born: Kemusuk, Argomulyo, Godean, June 1, 1921
Meningal: January 27, 2008
Religion: Islam
Last Position: President of the Republic of Indonesia (1966-1998)
Rank: General Large (Five Star)
Wife: Mrs. Tien Soeharto (Siti Hartinah)
Children:
Siti Hardiyanti Hastuti (Mbak Tutut)
Sigit Harjojudanto
Bambang Trihatmodjo
Siti Hediati
Hutomo Mandala Putra (Tommy)
Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih
Father: Kertosudiro
Mother: Sukirah
Address:
No.8 Jalan Cendana, Menteng
Jakarta Pusat
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
3. B.J. Habibie
Name: Prof.. Dr.Ing. Dr. Sc.h.c. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie
Born: Pare-Pare, June 25, 1936
Religion: Islam
Position: Third President (1998-1999)
Founder and Chairman of the Board of Trustees The Habibie Center
Wife: dr. Hasri Ainun Habibie (Married May 12, 1962)
Children: Ilham Akbar and Thareq Kemal
Grandchildren: Four people
Father: Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie
Mother: R.A. Tuti Marini Puspowardoyo
Number of Brothers: The Brothers Four of Eight
Education:
1. ITB Bandung, in 1954
2. Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochscule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany, with the degree Diplom-Ingenieur, cum laude at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Design and Construction of Aircraft (1955-1960).
3. Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochscule (RWTH), Aachen, Germany, with a doctorate aircraft construction, summa cum laude, at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Design and Construction of Aircraft (1960-1965).
4. Delivering the inaugural speech professor of aircraft construction in the ITB Bandung, in the year 1977.
Occupation:
1. Head of Research and Development of Structure Analysis on the company's Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbH, Hamburg, Germany between the years 1965-1969.
2. Head of Methods and Technology Division of Commercial Aircraft and Military Transport MBB GmbH, in Hamburg and Munich between 1969-19973
3. Vice President and Director of Technology at MBB GmbH, Hamburg and Munich in 1973-1978
4. Senior Technology Adviser to the Board of Directors of MBB in 1978.
5. Return to Indonesia and led the Advanced Technology Division, Pertamina, which is the origin of BPPT, years 1974-1978.
6. The Indonesian government adviser on Technology and Development Aircraft, responsible directly to the President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto in the year 1974-1978.
7. Minister of State for Research and Technology (Research and Technology) and Chairman of the Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) in 1978-1998.
8. Vice President R.I. on March 11, 1998-21 May 1998.
9. May 21 President 1998-20 October 1999.
Organization:
Founder and Chairman of the ICMI
Awards:
Theodore Van Karman Award
Source:
From various sources including The Habibie Center and the Suharto Center.com
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
4. Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur)
Name: Abdurrahman Wahid
Born: Denanyar, Jombang, East Java, August 4, 1940.
Dear Parent: Wahid Hasyim (father), Solechah (mother).
Wife: Sinta Nuriyah
The children: Alisa Qotrunada Anisa Arifah Zannuba Inayah Hayatunufus Regis
Education:
• Pesantren Pond Rice, Jombang (1959-1963)
• Department of Islamic and Arabic Studies High Level, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt (1964-1966)
• Faculty of Letters of the University of Baghdad (1966-1970)
Career:
• Islamic School Teacher Lecturer and Dean of the Faculty of the University Ushuludin Hasyim Ashari (a branch of theology and philosophy of law is concerned)
• Chairman of the Jakarta Art Center (1983-1985)
• Inventor Pesantren Ciganjur (1984-present)
• Chairman of the Nahdlatul Ulama (1984-1999)
• Chairman of the Democracy Forum (1990)
• Chairman of the Conference on Religion and World Peace (1994)
• Members of the Assembly (1999)
• President of the Republic of Indonesia (20 October 1999-24 July 2001)
Awards
• Magsaysay Award from the Philippine government for his efforts to develop inter-religious relations in Indonesia (1993)
• Award of the governmental Islamic Da'wah Egypt (1991)
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
5. Megawati Soekarno Putri
Name: Dr. (HC) Hj. Megawati Sukarnoputri
Full Name: Dyah Permata Megawati Sukarnoputri Lahi
Born: Yogyakarta, January 23, 1947
Religion: Islam
Husband: Taufik Kiemas
Child: 3 people, (2 sons, 1 daughter)
Career:
:: President Ke-5 RI (2001 - 2004)
:: Vice President (1999 - 2001)
:: Members of the DPR / MPR RI (1999)
:: Members of the DPR / MPR RI (1987-1992)
Education:
:: SD s / d Perguruan Cikini high school
:: Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University (1965-1967)
:: Faculty of Psychology University of Indonesia (1970-1972).
Organization:
:: GMNI Activist, 1965-1972
:: Chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) Central Jakarta Branch
:: PDI Chairman, 1993-1998, General Assembly 1993 Results, December 22 1993-1998
:: Chairman of the PDI Struggle, 1998-April 2000, Congress Results 1998, Sanur, Bali, 8-10 October 1998
:: Chairman of Struggle PDI, April 2000-2005, results of the PDI-P Congress, Semarang, Central Java, April 2000
:: Participants in the International Convention of Islamic Women in Pakistan, 1994
Awards
:: "Priyadarshni Award" from the institution Priyadarshni Academy, Mumbay, India, 19 September 1998
:: Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Waseda, Tokyo, Japan, 29 September 2001
Office Address:
Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 6 Jakarta 10110
Home Address:
:: Official: Teuku Umar Street 27-A, Jakarta Pusat
:: Personal: Jl. Fineness IV No. 45 RT 010 RW 04, Kel. Fineness Kec. Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta
-------------------------------------------------- ----------------
6. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Name: Army General (ret.) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Born: Pacitan, East Java, 9 September 1949
Religion: Islam
Wife: Christian Herawati,
The third daughter of the late Gen. (Ret.) Sarwo Edhi Wibowo
Children: Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono and Edhie Baskoro Yudhoyono
Last Rank:
General TNI (September 25, 2000)
Education:
= Armed Forces Academy (Akabri) in 1973
= American Language Course, Lackland, Texas, USA, 1976
= Airbone and Ranger Course, Fort Benning, USA, 1976
= Infantry Officer Advanced Course, Fort Benning, USA, 1982-1983
= On the job training in the 82-nd Airbone Division, Fort Bragg, USA, 1983
= Jungle Warfare School, Panama, 1983
= Antitank Weapon Course in Belgium and Germany, 1984
= Battalion Command Course, 1985
= Army Command School, 1988-1989
= Command and General Staff College, Fort = Leavenwort, Kansas, USA
Master of Arts (MA) from Management Webster University, Missouri, USA
Career:
- And the 330 Airborne Yonif Tonpan Kostrad (1974-1976)
- And 305 Yonif Tonpan Kostrad (1976-1977)
- And Mr. Mo 81 Yonif Airborne Kostrad 330 (1977)
- 17th Airborne Pasi-2/Ops Mabrigif Kujang I Kostrad (1977-1978)
- And the 330 Airborne Yonif Kipan Kostrad (1979-1981)
- SOPs SUAD Paban Young (1981-1982)
- Commander of the Infantry School Coach (1983-1985)
- And 744 Dam Yonif IX / Udayana (1986-1988)
- Dam SOPs Paban Madyalat IX / Udayana (1988)
- Lecturer Seskoad (1989-1992)
- Korspri Armed Forces Commander (1993)
- And Brigif Airborne 17 Kujang 1 Kostrad (1993-1994)
- Asops Kodam Jaya (1994-1995)
- 072/Pamungkas Kodam Danrem IV / Diponegoro (1995)
- Chief Military Observer United Nations Peace Forces (UNPF) in Bosnia-Herzegovina (since the beginning of November 1995)
- Kasdam Jaya (1996-only five months)
- Regional Commander II / Sriwijaya (1996 -) and Chairman Bakorstanasda
- Chairman of the Armed Forces faction Assembly (MPR Special Session 1998)
- Chief of Staff of the Territorial (caster Armed Forces (1998-1999)
- Mentamben (since October 26, 1999)
- Coordinating Polsoskam (Government President KH Abdurrahman Wahid)
- Coordinating Minister for Political and Security Affairs (Government of President Megawati Sukarnopotri) resigned March 11, 2004
Assignment:
Operation East Timor (1979-1980), and 1986-1988
Awards:
- Adi Makayasa (best graduates Akabri 1973)
- Honorour Graduated IOAC, USA, 1983
- Figures for Best Oral Language, 2003.
Address:
Jl. Alternative Cibubur Indah Puri Cikeas
No. 2 Village Nagrag Kec. Gunung Putri, Bogor 16,967
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
