Komodo Islands History

Komodo Islands



This is the story of the dragon. Not just a legend, but actually a dragon which still inhabit the Indonesian archipelago east and central parts. Giant reptiles of the world has a reputation as a top predator in its class.
Since the first on the island of Komodo, Flores Island ranks, Indonesia, has emerged the story of a giant dragon. Many sailors who tells that the dragon is more like a scary monster.

Large tail can knock down a buffalo with a single flick. His jaw large and strong, so capable of swallowing a wild pig in one motion. And from his mouth always fire.

This story has circulated widely and could attract the attention of many people. But no one had ever dared to approach the island to prove it. Until finally in the early 1910s, came the report of the combat force Dutch fleet based in Flores about the mysterious creature allegedly "dragon" inhabits a small island in the Lesser Sunda Islands (now ranks Islands Flores, East Nusa Tenggara).

Dutch military sailors gave a report that the creature is likely to be measuring up to seven meters in length, with a giant body and a mouth that always fire. Lieutenant Steyn van Hensbroek, an official of the Dutch colonial administration in the region of Flores heard these reports and stories that surround the island of Komodo. He also planned a trip to Komodo Island.

Having armed himself and took a team of trained soldiers, he landed on the island. After a few days on the island, managed to kill one Hensbroek strange species.

He took him to headquarters and length measurements were taken that catch length about 2.1 meters. The shape is very much like a lizard. Animals were then photographed (documented) by Peter A Ouwens, director of the Zoological Museum and Botanical Gardens Bogor, Java. This is the first documentation of the Komodo dragon.


Ouwens interested in finding these strange animals. He then recruited a cunning hunter to capture specimens for him. The hunter managed to kill two sized komodo 3.1 meters and 3.35 meters, plus the capture of two chicks, each measuring one meter below.


Based on the catch of the hunters, Ouwens conduct research and concluded that the komodo dragon is not a flamethrower, but including the type of monitor lizard (monitor lizard) in the reptile class.

The results of this study later published in a newspaper published in 1912. In that proclamation, Ouwens give advice on the name of the giant lizard Varanus komodoensis nickname instead Komodo Dragon (Komodo Dragon).

Realizing the significance of the endangered species komodo, the Dutch government issued a regulation and protection of Komodo Island Komodo dragon in 1915. Be the first region as a Komodo dragon conservation area.

Findings komodo dragon as a living legend, curious world. Several scientific expeditions from different countries take turns doing research on the island of Komodo.

Prehistoric Animals who Survived

After World War I, a scientific expedition designed to conduct research komodo. In 1926, the expedition led by W. Douglas Burden of the American Museum of Natural History with the most modern research tools, doing research for months.

The expedition which involved dozens of people were arrested 27 Komodo dragon's tail. They perform surgical anatomy and identification of species. From this first scientific reports about the Komodo dragon is made complete.

Described that the Komodo dragon has a big head and strong, has a pair of shining eyes, her skin was hard, thick and wiry. Kelambir have skin under her neck wrinkles.

It looked like a lizard, with four legs and a big fat tail that is also a big fat long. Has 26 sharp teeth, each measuring 4 cm, has a forked tongue bright red. When viewed from a distance, the tongue is extended to resemble a fire, because the Komodo dragon is often stuck out his tongue like a snake.

Komodo also excellent hunters. He relies bites and poison the bacteria in saliva to paralyze their prey. He will follow prey that have been hurt for days, until death, then he ate it. As a carnivore and scavenger (carrion), komodo dragons are only found on the island of Komodo, Rinca Island, the island of Padar, Gili Motang, Owadi and Samiin. Komodo dragons are also known as a good animal to swim. That's how he did explore the islands around Flores.
Fossils

Meanwhile, in the mid-20th century, in Australia found fossils of ancient creatures that once studied very similar to the Komodo dragon. Based on tests of carbon, the fossil was believed to have originated from the period 60-30 million years ago. This means that the Komodo dragon ever to inhabit the Australian continent in prehistoric times.

But researchers are still puzzled by the relationship with the fossil Komodo Island Komodo dragon from Australia. Although the geological history of Earth indicates that the former Australia and some islands of Indonesia is one plate, but the estimated Komodo formed about 1 million years ago.

While based on the research, extinct prehistoric Komodo dragon at least 30 million years ago, before the island of Komodo is formed. So why Komodo dragon can only be found on the island of Komodo and surroundings? Since when inhabiting Komodo Island Komodo dragon? While no traces of bones ever found elsewhere komodo (except Australia). This is one mystery that requires further research.
Komodo Birth of Mother "Virgin"

Just 18 days ago, waiting zoologists at the zoo for Chester Zoo, Manchester, England, ended. A natural phenomenon that surprised the world of animal science. A female Komodo dragon virgin, successfully lay eggs and hatch five of them.

Based on news reported by the Associated Press, Flora, the Komodo dragon's name was-successful females gave birth to five baby Komodo dragon without the participation of the male inhabitants of the island of Komodo in the process of fertilization.

"Flora is very impressive, we were delighted to know she is the mother and father of her babies," said Kevin Buley, curator of the zoo for vertebrate and invertebrate species.

In mid-January 2007, the eggs began to break after a period of eight months pregnant at the peak occurred January 23, 2007, with the birth of the fifth Komodo dragon. While the other two still dieraminya eggs.

"Application of the conservation breeding program is very unusual, because it opens a new path, in which the animals could potentially be a colony on an island," Buley said.

"Females are able to swim across a new island, and then incubating the eggs, and then dating her male babies and sexually normal produce a new generation," he added.

DNA tests provide accurate evidence that Flora truly successful without the help of her daughter gave birth to males.

Mentioned again, the size of the dragon babies is between 16 inches (40 cm) to 18 inches (45 cm) and weigh between 3 ½ - 4 ½ ounces (100-125 grams).

Eating Crickets and Grasshoppers

Five children descent Flora Komodo dragon is born healthy and only eat crickets and grasshoppers as food diet. This is in accordance with the original life in the wild Komodo dragon.

Based on scientific knowledge, while growing up, baby Komodo dragon can reach lengths 10 feet (3 meters) and weigh about 300 pounds (135 kilograms). If achieved this extraordinary measure, they will be able to eat round a pig or deer.

Well, a savage appetite in reptiles explains why Flora is not allowed to be close to his children. "There is no maternal instinct at self Komodo dragon. Hence, it is natural to keep their children away from their parents. Parent will try to eat anything that came in front of his nose, "Buley explained.

According to the data, about 70 species of reptiles, including snakes and lizards known to reproduce asexually (without the associated sex) in a process scientifically known as parthenogenesis. However, the conception of virginity (virginitas) Flora and other komodo dragon in April at the London zoo is first documented.

Two virginity's conception was announced in September, as stipulated in the scientific paper in the journal Nature.

Komodo residents

Komodo dragons are native to islands of Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. The island's most lots occupied by these komodo dragons are named in accordance with this animal's name when found in 1910, the island of Komodo (Komodo Island).

Giant lizards including endangered animals with a total population in the wild is less than 4000 animals. To protect the Komodo dragon, in 1980 agreed to form a conservation area in the form of the Komodo National Park on Komodo Island and small islands around it.

Komodo dragon distribution and population in the last three decades is the decline and increasingly threatened its existence, mainly due to hunting deer, as its main prey. Even the population on the island of Padar known to have been lost since the late 1990s, whereas in the early 1980s, the Komodo dragon can still be found there. Attention and conservation of this species in particular should be given, because the Komodo dragon populations on the verge of extinction.

For some residents on the island of Komodo, this animal is considered more dangerous to humans than crocodiles, because the bacterial content of saliva that can cause severe infections.

Usually, komodo dragons mating season occurs between June to July. In August, a female Komodo dragon will dig a nest of a bird's nest mounds former Gosong (Anas reindwardt) on the hill and nest hole in the ground, to keep the eggs that can reach 38 points. Komodo dragon eggs are usually guarded by its mother, but the new-born child in February or March is not guarded, often eaten instead.

Komodo takes five years to grow to the size of two meters and can continue to live up to 30 years. Entering a period of 4-5 years earlier sexual maturity of Komodo dragon.

Krakatoa Eruption

Krakatoa Eruption


ISLAND KRAKATAU, Sunda Strait,
INDONESIA

26-27 August 1883
36,417 People Killed

Suddenly we saw the giant waves with extraordinary heights to the beach with a very high speed. Instantly, the sailors were in great pressure and trying to contrast in the presence of imminent danger; board faced a wave of the future direction in time. After some time, with full of suffering, we raised the speed that made dizzy. Ships mighty leap, and soon after that we felt as if I had plunged into a deep ravine.
- N. Van Sandick, engineers from the Loudon,
who survived the tsunami of Krakatau

How hard the sound of Krakatoa volcanic eruption, whether reported as the loudest sound ever heard in human history? If the eruption that occurred in Los Angeles, California, equal power with the eruption of Krakatoa, then the crack will be heard up to New Haven, Connecticut.
Other natural disasters resulted in higher death rates than Krakatoa, but the eruption of volcanic islands in Indonesia in late August of 1883 is an explosion of geophysical panoply of extraordinary excess. In fact, the power of the eruption of Krakatoa has described megnagumkan human power is very small. Can be dramatic, when compared with the power of a very small man. It could be that certain that we could theoretically destroy the planet using a combination of nuclear weapons states that have them, but we can never create a weapon whose power even just close to the eruption of Krakatoa volcano.
Krakatoa is located in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra island located in Indonesia. Throughout history, this island is uninhabited, though there are often visitors to this volcanic island.
Krakatoa's eruption was first recorded occurred in 1680. This mountain and then remained silent for more than two hundred years, until the eruption cycle began in May 1883. Inhabitants of the island of Java and Sumatra, who lived not far away this is not considered dangerous eruptions. Some people even came to this island and climb to the top of the volcano to look into the sunken kawahnya. No one was evacuated, and people continue their lives.
The summer passed.
Then, at noon Sunday, August 26, 1883, a series of huge explosions have been emanating from Krakatoa. The people around him could hear the eruptions, and ash and pumice began showering the houses and the ships in the Sunda Strait.
This went on for twenty-four hours, until the next day, when four very big explosion occurred, and the largest eruption occurred about ten o'clock, and these eruptions could be said to have rocked the world. This explosion has awakened people in South Australia, a distance of more than two thousand five hundred miles (more than 4000 km).
Krakatoa shock wave around the earth has about seven times, with speeds approaching seven hundred miles (1125 km) per hour - three times in the same direction, and four times in the opposite direction.
Krakatoa's ash cloud rise from fifty miles (80 km) into the air, and volcanic dust has been around the earth many times, there are piles of dust almost everywhere on this planet. The dust is so thick that the Sunda Strait experienced total darkness for two full days.
Krakatoa also resulted in seventeen volcanoes another smaller eruption on the island, and the combined heat of the whole of this explosion has increased the temperature of the surrounding ocean is surprising, for sixty degrees. In addition, the blanket-thick pumice ten feet (3 m) has been covered waters for miles around Java and Sumatra. This eruption also caused a tsunami - a giant wave - which has brought the greatest damage, and experienced so far as Cape Horn in South America.
Krakatoa giant waves as high as 100-120 feet (30-36 m) has taken nearly 30 coastal villages and ports, also has killed over 36,000 people, either by drowning or crushed to death when their homes collapsed. Most of the deaths caused by the lava had burned or the shock wave. Krakatau tsunami was the main killer - is very large waves that reportedly could be felt up to the United States west coast.
This explosion had drowned coastal plain area of fifty miles (80 km) square, as well as with some smaller islands in the Sunda Strait.
Dutch flagged ships cannon, Berow, in the port in the Gulf Betung Sumatra, have been swept away by the tsunami of Krakatau, was thrown into the air, and fell more than a mile inland, in a forest in Sumatra. Countless ships in the waters around Indonesia are not so lucky; mostly drowned and never appeared again.
Krakatau has sent more than five cubic miles of dust into the atmosphere, and this rock fragments remained there for two full years. This material has made mid-day sun was blue in South America, and the sun appeared green in Hawaii for many months after the eruption.
Dust is also created scenery is spectacular sunsets throughout the world for months after the eruption. Some of them are so dramatic that they seem like a huge fire in the distance.
Two months later, in October of 1883, many of New Haven, Connecticut, has called the fire department because they thought that the red glow of sunset is a very large fire out of control. Sunset is also seen in many places along the eastern coast of the United States.
Krakatoa eventually sink into the sea, has drained his energy, his strength was gone. In its place there is now a Child of Krakatoa, a volcanic island that is smaller, which formed in a small eruption in 1928, and continued to erupt periodically. Very unlikely to achieve Anak Krakatoa disaster powers like Krakatoa. An explosion with power equivalent to or larger of course possible in other places on earth, but so far, Krakatau has held the record as the largest volcanic eruptions of all time.

Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia

The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Appeared on the Dutch flag the main stupa of the temple.



One of the carvings on the walls Karmawibhangga Borobudur temple (the southeast corner of the floor 0)



Restoration of the monument Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO




Borobudur is the name of a Buddhist temple located at Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. Location of the temple is approximately 100 km in the south-west of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Sailendra.

The name of Borobudur
Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other popular etymology. Suppose borobudur word comes from the word "the Buddha" is due to shift into borobudur sound. Another explanation is that the name comes from two words "coal" and "beduhur". Said coal said to have originated from the monastery, while there is also another explanation in which the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the intention is a monastery or hostel located in the high ground.

Historians J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions and Kahulunan Karangtengah, Casparis estimates, founder of the Borobudur is the king of the dynasty named Samaratungga Syailendra around 824 AD The giant new buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Development of Borobudur estimated half-century time-consuming.

Borobudur Structure
Borobudur berundak punden shape, which consists of six levels of a square, three-level circular and a circular main stupa as a peak. Also scattered in all levels-the levels several stupas.

Borobudur is a ten-story clearly illustrates the Mahayana school of philosophy. like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.

The foot of Borobudur represents Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama, or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. In the closed structures have an additional 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. A small portion was set aside additional structure so that people can still see the relief in this section.

Four floors with walls above berelief by the experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu the world who have set themselves free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between nature and the natural bottom up. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues found on the wall niches above ballustrade or hallway.

Start fifth to the seventh floor of the walls not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed in the stupa covered with holes as in a cage. From outside the statues were still dim.

Which describes the highest level being represented by the absence of a stupa, the largest and highest. Stupa described plain without the holes. Within this the largest stupa, believed there was a statue Adibuddha representations. The statue is thought to have come from the largest stupa is now placed in an archeological museum, a few hundred meters from the Borobudur temple. This statue is known as the Buddha unfinished.

In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stone reliefs, two lions, a few times-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn, who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the Dutch Government as that.

Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. That there are long passages that are narrow streets. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In these corridors is expected Buddhist ritual walk around the temple to the right. The shape of the building without room and terraced structure is alleged is the development of berundak punden form, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.

Borobudur structure when viewed from above form a mandala structure.

Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the Interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.

Relief
At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read as counter-clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs there about the epic Ramayana. There are also reliefs Jataka stories.

Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate on each level, starting on the left and ends on the right of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and to the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides of similar right.

The composition and distribution of relief story ledge on the wall and the temple, are as follows:
Relief Chart
Level position / location Relief Story Number Frames
----- Original foot temple Karmawibhangga 160 frames
Level I - walls a. 120 frames Latitawistara
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 120 frames
------- - Ledge a. Jataka / awadana 372 frames
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 128 frames
Level II - wall frame Gandawyuha 128
-------- - Ledge Jataka / awadana 100 frames
Level III - 88 frames Gandawyuha wall
-------- - 88 frames Gandawyuha ledge
Level IV - 84 frames Gandawyuha wall
-------- - 72 frames Gandawyuha ledge
1460 -------- -------- Number of frames

In sequence, the story of the temple reliefs in ringkat significantly as follows:

Karmawibhangga
One of the carvings on the walls Karmawibhangga Borobudur temple (the southeast corner of the floor 0) In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the foot of the temple, reliefs that decorated the walls of these hidden shelf, described the law of karma. Rows of relief is not a story series (series), but in each frame describes a story that has a causal correlation. Relief is not only give you an idea of human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that will get, but also the human good deeds and reward. As a whole is a depiction of human life in the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) that never ends, and by the Buddhist tersebutlah chain which will be ended to to perfection.

Lalitawistara
History is a depiction of the Buddha in a row of relief (but not a complete history) which starts from the Buddha's descent from heaven Tusita, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. 27 frame to describe the activity, both in heaven and on earth, in preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation as the candidate of the Bodhisattvas are Buddhist. Reliefs depicts the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of the King and Queen Maya Suddhodana of State Kapilavastu. Relief amount to 120 frames, which ended with the first discourse, which is symbolically expressed as play Wheel of Dharma, the Buddha's teaching is called dharma also means "law", while represented as a wheel of dharma.

Jataka and Awadana
Jataka tales are stories of the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddharta. Protrusion of the contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas from any other creature. Indeed, the collection service / good deed is the preparation stage in an attempt to keringkat the buddha's.

Awadana while basically similar to the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and the stories collected in the book which means Diwyawadana sainthood noble deeds, and the book of a hundred stories Awadanasataka or Awadana. In the reliefs of Borobudur temple and awadana Jataka, treated the same, meaning they are in the same row without a distinguishable. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattvas is Jatakamala or strands Jataka stories, Aryasura and poet who lived in the 4th century AD.

Gandawyuha
Is a row of reliefs decorate the walls of the hall to the 2, is the story of a wandering Sudhana tirelessly in his quest for knowledge about the Supreme Truth by Sudhana True. Description of the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and for the lid on the story of another Bhadracari.

Stages of development of Borobudur
The first stage
Construction period is not known certainly Borobudur (estimated between 750 and 850 AD). Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid berundak. but later changed. As evidence of stacking order dismantled.

The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened, plus two square steps and one step directly circle given a large parent stupas.

Third stage
Steps up the circle with a large main stupa dismantled and removed and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas built on top of these steps with a large stupa in the middle.

Stage four
There are small changes like making relief changes and curved stairs above the door.

Overview of time the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple
The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Flag of the Netherlands looked at the main stupa candi.1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor-General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs.
1873 - The first monograph published about the temple.
1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of the restoration and maintenance of Borobudur temple.
1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
1956 - Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
1963 - Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the event G-30-S.
1968 - at the conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
1971 - Indonesian government established a body chaired by the restoration of Borobudur Prof.Ir.Roosseno.

Restoration of the monument Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman. UNESCO-sponsored committees provide 5 million U.S. dollars from the cost of 7750 million dollar restoration of the United States. The rest covered Indonesia.
August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the start of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
January 21, 1985 - bomb attacks that destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple, it was soon restored. The attack carried out by an extreme Islamic group led by Habib Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.

The eruption of Tambora in 1815 and Year Without Summer

The eruption of Tambora in 1815 and
Year Without Summer

SUMBAWA, INDONESIA; THEN THE WHOLE WORLD



5 April 1815 - until the Spring of 1817
More than 150,000 People Killed
Billions in losses form a Damaged Rice
and Ruin Other

Three separate fires lump rising up so high, and entire surface of the mountain was once covered by the incandescent lava, which expanded to a great distance; the stones, among others for the head, falling within the scope of the diameter of several kilometers, and the fragments spread in the air has resulted in total darkness ... ash released so much that lead to total darkness in Java, a distance as far as 310 miles (500 km). This ash resulting total darkness at noon
, and covering the ground and the roof with a layer several inches thick.
- Sir Stamford Raffles, Governor General Java¹ --

Snow began falling around 8 o'clock in the morning - down with rain and drizzle until after 14:00 o'clock. Peaks have been crowned by the snow on each side. The most dismal weather and incredible I've ever seen.
- Bennington, Vermont, farmer Benjamin Harwood,
in his diary early in June 1816²


Nuclear Winter

If the flying missiles, and unimaginable event occurs, then the human race does not just have to face death and destruction that has been caused by nuclear, but also should (according to many renowned scientists, including Carl Sagan) nuclear winter.
Nuclear explosions can produce temperatures ranging from 5400 to 7200 degrees Fahrenheit (2980-3980 ° C). Almost all items will burn at this temperature, and if the burning material is organic (human, tree), then the resulting smoke, thick and unhealthy for the breathing, maybe it is not toxic. However, if the material was burned plastic, or glass, or chemicals, or synthetic materials, the gas produced and appeared in the form of smoke may be quite deadly.
Nuclear winter - embezzlement and cooling the atmosphere around the world - will happen when the smoke from one or more nuclear explosions, blocking sunlight reaching the ground, causing a drastic decrease in temperature, rice death everywhere, so do the strange weather that can be snow storms, summer, and a polluted fog.
Nuclear winter that will destroy life forms innumerable, and since has been estimated that Nuclear war between the United States and Russia or China would kill at least one billion people at once, then the nuclear winter that followed believed would kill a billion more.
In 1816, the northeastern United States has obtained the study - in a very small scale - about anything connected with the nuclear winter when the English and the Atlantic coast suffered a year without a summer punctuated by.
Why in June (summer should be) of snow has fallen in Connecticut?
Why is there frost in July in New Hampshire?
The answer is because Mount Tambora Fire located on Sumbawa Island in Indonesia has erupted in the previous year, the volcano spewed ash in the largest amount in the air, in history. Require 104 years for scientists to understand the connection that happens; in 1920 they finally succeeded, and since then, there are explanations for the year without a summer - and a new understanding of the effects could be caused by volcanic eruptions on Earth weather.


Tambora



Everyone thought that Tambora had become extinct. But it is not the case. On April 5, 1815, as tall as Goliath thirteen thousand feet of this (+ 3960 m) have been built and issued a series of echoes roar his presence, and heard in the distance thousands of miles. For five days, the mountain spewed ash in the amount that could demolish the houses in Sumbawa because of its weight. Ash is thick and impenetrable by the sun so that the inhabitants of the island could hardly see his hand in front of their faces. On April 10, culminating with the eruption cloud was a very large fire, which twisted to one another and established on the mountain lit.
This incident was followed by a hurricane, which may be similar to the phenomenon of meteorological storm of fire - a fire storm that formed during forest fires is very great. Like a vacuum, this chaos has swept humans, animals and houses, flying into the air. Living things mutilated and burned, inanimate objects were destroyed and torn apart into pieces innumerable.
Strength exceeds the ability of Tambora eruption of the mountain and the island where the mountain stands. As this mountain releasing tons of rock, lava, and ash, the mountain began to shrink, from thirteen thousand feet (3960 m) to nine thousand feet (2740 m), and ironically the surface of the island began to rise, the ash piled several inches . Ash that has a depth of more than three feet (90 m +), also sucking water around Sumbawa - and finish the work of destruction of human Tambora in its range. Ash had killed all the vegetables, and starvation soon to follow, combined with a cholera epidemic, has increased the number of 80,000 deaths where 12,000 people were killed instantly during the eruption.


Eruption Without Summer

One observer thought that the Tambora eruption of ash that has been issued by this volcano, if distributed evenly will probably cover the whole of Germany. Most of the ash did not fall to the ground, but remains in the atmosphere, and began traveling around the world carried by the wind.
A very large cloud has led to decreasing temperature of the earth, and the destruction of the summer rice began yellowing in Europe and the UK.
Temperature in June was far below normal, and contributed to the damage that was caused by prolonged drought. The farmers began to take the road to feed them corn harvest could on their cattle, so as not to lose their flocks. In Switzerland, the people who have eaten the starving dogs and cats are lost. The farmers of New York was forced to dig a potato plant that had just planted to feed their families.

Summer frost has killed the strange set of rice soon this trick planted crops

. People began to hunt raccoon (mammal like cats) and pigeons to eat. Hunger and disease are estimated to have increased the number of dead is almost as much as 50,000, the overall number of deaths Tambora Mountain, although at that time no one who understands the link between the year without summer and volcanic eruptions that were located thousands of miles, and broke hundreds of days in period then this.
Even though they understand it, the farmers seem to nineteenth-century England was a quiet and stoic would not have believed.




1 Karen Farrington, Natural Disasters, 44.
2 Keith Heidom, "Eighteen Hundred and froze to Death," The Weather Doctor in http://www.Islandnet.com/-see/weather/history/1816.htm.

Age of the Kingdom in Indonesia

1. Kingdom Tarumanegara (358M-723M)
Tarumanagara or Taruma kingdom is a kingdom that once ruled in western Java in the 4th century until the 7th century AD Taruma is one of the oldest kingdoms in the archipelago who left the historical record. The king who once ruled and very famous in the annals is Purnawarman. In 417 he ordered the excavation and Gomati River Candrabaga (Kali Bekasi) along the 6112 spears (approximately 11 km). Finished digging, the king held a safety with menyedekahkan 1000 cows to the Brahmins.

Proof of the existence of the Kingdom of Taruma known through sources originating from within or outside the country. Sources from within the country of seven stone inscription found four in Bogor, one in Jakarta and one in Lebak, Banten.

Tugu inscription at the National Museum:




2. Sriwijaya Kingdom
Sriwijaya is ancient Melayu kingdom on the island of Sumatra that much effect on the archipelago. Initial evidence of the existence of this kingdom from the 7th century; a minister of China, I-Tsing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in 671 for 6 months. The first inscriptions of Srivijaya also in the 7th century, the inscription Kedukan Hill in Palembang, Sumatra, in the year 683. This kingdom began to fall in the year 1200 and 1300 due to various factors, including the expansion of Majapahit kingdom. In Sanskrit, sri means "shining" and wijaya means "victory".

After Srivijaya fell, the kingdom is forgotten and historians do not know the existence of this kingdom. Sriwijaya existence is officially known in 1918 by the French historian George Coedes of the École française d'Extreme-Orient. Around the year 1992 to 1993, Pierre-Yves Manguin proved that the center of Srivijaya in the Musi River between Bukit Seguntang and Sabokingking (located in South Sumatra province, Indonesia).

Sriwijaya territory map:



Although historical records and archaeological evidence is rarely found, but some states that in the 7th century, Srivijaya had made colonization of the whole of Sumatra, West Java, and some areas in the peninsula Malays. Domination of the Straits of Malacca and Sunda straits, Srivijaya as a controller to make the trade routes of spices and local commerce charge for every ship that passed. Palembang accumulate wealth as a trading port and warehouse market serving China, Malays, and Indians.

In the year 902, the new king sent tribute to China. Two years later, the last king of the Tang Dynasty conferred the title of the messenger of Sriwijaya.

In the first half of the 10th century, between the fall of the Tang dynasty and the rise of the Song dynasty, with foreign trade is rampant, especially Fujian, Min royal and the rich countries of Guangdong, the kingdom of Nan Han. Srivijaya undoubtedly benefited from this trade. In the year 903, the Muslim writer Ibn Battuta was impressed with the prosperity of Sriwijaya. Urban areas include the kingdom of Palembang (especially Hill Seguntang), Muara Jambi and Kedah.

3. Kingdom Medang (Mataram)
Medang Kingdom is the name of a kingdom that stands in Central Java in the 8th century, then moved to East Java in the 10th century, and finally collapsed in the early 11th century. Mataram term then commonly used to name the kingdom as a whole, although not always this kingdom centered there.

Mantyasih inscription on behalf of the 907-year Balitung clearly mentions that the first king of the Kingdom of Medang (Rahyang Medang ta ri ri rumuhun Poh Pitu) is Rakai Mataram The Queen Sanjaya. Sanjaya's life story at length in the new Parahyangan Carita written hundreds of years after his death, which is about the 16th century.

Besides leaving the historical evidence of inscriptions scattered in Central Java and East Java, the kingdom of Medang also built many temples, be it a Hindu or Buddhist patterned.

Heritage temples Medang Kingdom, among others, Temple Kalasan, Plaosan Temple, Prambanan Temple, Temple Sewu, Mendut, Pawon, and of course the most colossal is the Borobudur Temple. Magnificent temple built by this Sailendrawangsa established UNESCO (United Nations) as one of the world's cultural heritage.
Borobudur:


4. Majapahit
Majapahit was an ancient kingdom in Indonesia that had stood from 1293 until around the year 1500 AD This kingdom reached the peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, who ruled from 1350 until 1389. Majapahit control other kingdoms on the peninsula of Malaya, Borneo, Sumatra, Bali and the Philippines.

Kingdom of Majapahit was a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that controls the last Malay Peninsula and is considered as one of the largest country in the history of Indonesia. Power lies in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Indonesia to the east, although still disputed territory.



Heritage:
Architecture
Majapahit have a real impact and sustainability in the field of architecture in Indonesia. Depictions of the pavilion (pavilion) of buildings in the capital of Majapahit in Negarakretagama book has become the inspiration for the architecture of the palace buildings and the Temple in Java and community housing complexes in Bali today.

Armament
At the time of Majapahit happened development, preservation, and dissemination techniques following keris social functions and rituals. The use of the keris as a sign of aristocratic greatness also grew during this period and extends to all around the country, especially in the west.

Toba

The beauty of Mount Sihabu-Habu, Toba, North Sumatra


Choose to travel to Lake Toba in North Sumatra are the options that will not disappoint. Natural scenery is really stunning. But this time it should take you to enjoy the scenery no less beautiful, enjoy the beautiful mountain-Habu Sihabu that precisely in the village Batunabolon, Parsoburan, District Toba, Samosir, Sumatra. To reach this mountain, you take about 4 hours drive from the land of Lake Toba (Balige) to the east.

Height of the mountain or in the mountain area called Habu-Sihabu this is approximately 2300m and is the third highest mountain in North Sumatra. You can enjoy the beauty of the mountain from the kecamatan-kecamatan in the kabupaten Tobasa, such as Parsoburan. Especially when you are in the village of Kampong Batu Nabolon the right foot is in this mountain. This mountain, decorated with clouds on the peak is truly a remarkable sight. This scene is also very beautiful time in the morning. Besides paving the broad green rice fields and trees a strong and robust in the natural wealth around them is a really calm and soothing the soul.

So do not forget Mount Sihabu-Habu if you want the mountain scenery and the beautiful countryside.



Location: slopes of Mount Sihabu-Habu, Toba, North Sumatra

Tanah Lot Bali Full Legend and Spiritual Concept

When you come to the island of Bali, it's not complete if you do not have to visit Tanah Lot, located in the Village District Beraban Kediri Tabanan, about 13 km west of Tabanan. Tanah Lot is a tourism which is very close to the tradition of magical Bali. Here you will find two temple which is located above the two large stones. Pura Tanah Lot is located on the bongkahan stone, while in the north, there is a temple located on top of the cliffs that stick to the sea. Tebing connect this temple with the land and shaped like a bridge (curve).

For the Pura Tanah Lot Bali is considered as one of the islands that have an important role because it is used as part of the temple Kayangan Sad, which is ostensibly held as a joint-joint Bali island. Pura Tanah Lot temple specially built for the sea, namely the cult of the god guards the sea.

This also held temple built by a Brahmin called Javanese origin Danghyang Nirartha that will strengthen the belief of the teachings of Hindu and build Sad Kayangan in the century to 16. But he was forced to leave by Land Lot Bendesa Beraben, the ruler at that time, because to him jealous. At the time of this leave the Brahmin Tanah Lot with kesaktiannya he bongkahan move a rock into the sea and build a temple there.

Not everyone is allowed into this temple. The tourists may only melongok down from the temple. Only those who want to pray or conduct religious activities are permitted into the temple. Temple is also very closely related to 2 other holy places in Tabanan, the Pura and Pura Luhur Batukaru Tasik navel where Pura Luhur Batukaru trusted as a phallus (purusa) and Pura Tanah Lot as Yoni (ocean). Perpaduannya a trusted source of life that bring prosperity to the people there.

Not only that. In the north temple, precisely in the cave under the cliffs, there are snakes that dikeramatkan. Poisonous snake flat black is trusted as a yellow shawl Dang Hyang Nirartha irrespective of time and to be imprisoned are now the temple guards. In this place, there are sources of fresh water called Tirta Pabersihan used as a means of seeking purity.

Tanah Lot is renowned as a beautiful place to see the sunset (sunset). For that you have Sunset Terrace, a place where the visitor terfavorit. There are about 10 restaurants that can be a choice in the area. Not only that, from the parking lot to the temple area found many art shops, food stalls and other than the tavern. Spesially, enjoy the sunset at Tanah Lot is conducted with a variety of different ways. Extent that up to 11 hectares of this is to give more choices to enjoy the sunset position. In addition, not only you can visit Luhur Pura Tanah Lot, but there are seven others in the temple of this place, among them is Pura Batu precisely, upgrading Pura, Pura Jero Kandang, Enjung Galuh Pura, Pura Batu Mejan, Luhur Pekendungan Pura and Pura Hyang fire.

Because of the historical background so close to the people of Hindu belief, it is not surprising Tanah Lot is also one of the spiritual destination for Hindu people from different countries. In addition to the usual Hindu Odalan or feast in the Temple is once every 210 days, the same as in the quasi-other. Fall close to the Galungan and Kuningan, precisely on the Day of the Holy Buddha Cemeng Langkir. At that time, many people will worship in this Temple.

But without a definitive Bali Tanah Lot is not complete. In magic atmosphere that feels strong, but also incredible beauty that is the attractiveness of Tanah Lot.



Here also is the place to shop and even a place to create temporary tatto

Sibandang Island

Sibandang Island

Sibandang island is the second largest island after Samosir island inside Sumatera’s. It is beautified by the view of Lake Toba surrounds it. Occurs isolated from the teeming society in general, this serene island is still part of North Tapanuli in the region of Muara. It is 1.194 ha in width with 2.551 people, and 900 m from the edge of Muara.

Sibandang Island is well known as mango island. It is named so not for its mango like shape but after its plantation. The society commonly owns a wide mango field. They are living on farming mango. Should you feel like eating mango you are more than welcome to enjoy Sibandang’s sweet mangos.

Sibandang island can be openly seen from Sipincur or Huta Ginjang; two high hills around Sibandang island. Its charm obviously sprinkles with the clear lake viewed from the two aforementioned hills.

While now visitors can go into the island by boat or ships, the government might have been thinking of building hang gliders from Huta Ginjang to this seems isolated but interesting island. Then people won’t rely only on just farming and fishing but tourism and trade as well. Consequently people’s economic status can be raised to prosperous society.

As area residing in lakeside of Toba, Sibandang Island is not as noisy as Parapat, Balige, and also Porsea. Sibandang Island more calm compared wirh other towns which still reside around of Toba Lake. If you are interested to visit Sibandang Island, there are two alternative land ways, which can be gone through, that are :

• First route passing Bakara

If we moving from Medan , the first route can we reach from Medan - Berastagi - Merek - Sumbul - Tele - Dolok Sanggul - Bakara and gone through Muara. Distance between Muara and Bakara is about 12 Km. From Muara, we can across to Sibandang Island with boat, which about 900 meter from Muara. Tourist can use reguler ship from Muara to Sibandang Island, or rent a boat if we want to visit it.

• Second route passing Balige

The second road can we reach from Medan - Parapat - Porsea - Balige gone through to Siborong-borong. On the way to Siborong-borong, there is a branch three (Muara branch) joint Balige - Siborong-borong - Muara, about 14 Km from Balige. From this branch, we can continue to Muara with distance about 21 Km, and across to Sibandang Island. Tourist can use reguler ship from Muara to Sibandang Island, or rent a boat to reach it.

Papua That Beautiful, but difficult to reach

Papua is beautiful. There are many more tourism in the province of Papua, especially those in rural areas still have not been promoted because resist infrastructures.

This section is told by the Head of Promotion and Information Services, the Office of Culture and Tourism of Papua Province, Fidela Rettob to reporters in Jayapura, on Tuesday (12 / 5).

He explains, Papua Province in fact has many other interesting objects from nature tourism and cultural tourism potential to be developed.

"Our difficulty is to promote geography as a difficult location to reach and there is no accommodation facilities in the vicinity of the tourism," he said.

The Government of Papua Province alone, he added, have incentive to give a tour of the campaign in Papua, but only limited to the tourism that is quite known, such as festivals Baliem Valley, Lake Sentani, and climbing the peak of Mount Carstenz.

"In fact we already have a house in the Papuan campaign overseas, such as Frankfurt in Germany and in China, while currently being planned to built in the United States and Africa," he said.

Fidella the main things that must be addressed in Papua before the campaign is to build tourism facilities and infrastructure such as roads and places of accommodation in the area of tourism that will be promoted.

"No less important is how to develop human resources (HR) community around the tour to receive the tourists," he added.

Furthermore, Fidella also expect to help all stakeholders to promote the many tourism in Papua that has not been known. "This is not only a task of the government but all the parties to introduce the potential for Papua to the outside world," he added.