Friday, November 27, 2009

East Kalimantan

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East Kalimantan is the largest province in Indonesia and is known by his Dayak tribal community life.

Data and Statistics
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This province consists of 4 districts (Kutai, Berau, Bulungan, Sand) and 2 municipalities (Samarinda and Balikpapan).

Geographically, situated in 2 º 27 '20 "S - 4 º 24' 55" N and 113 º 49 '00 "- 119 º 57' E. Northern boundary is the State of Sabah (East Malaysia); the eastern border of Makassar Strait, Celebes Sea, and Strait Sulawesi South Kalimantan southern boundary and western boundary is Central Kalimantan, West, and the State of Sarawak.

Longhouse.

Historically, East is the pioneer of civilization in Indonesia with the discovery of the oldest kingdoms, the Kingdom Mulawarman at Muara Kaman, who stood at the IV century AD.

Is the famous king Nala Mulawarman god. Formerly of East Kalimantan is composed of a variety of jobs, the famous one is the kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara. Kaltim natives consists of three major tribes: Dayak, Kutai and Banjar. In addition there are another few more tribes, including tribes Bilungan, Tidung, Berusu, Abai, Kayan, and tribal settlers.

Thursday, November 26, 2009

Central Kalimantan

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The third largest province in Indonesia.

Data and Statistics
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Bukit Batu, Central Kalimantan.

Central Kalimantan is the third largest province in Indonesia after Papua and East Kalimantan. Central Kalimantan has 13 districts and municipalities with 1 as the Dayak tribe greatest interest.

Although the majority of the population converted to Islam, but it is the belief Kaharingan native province.

Wednesday, November 25, 2009

Boy Bali Print World Records Numbers Given

Dominic Brain, a 12-year-old from Kuta, Badung regency, Bali, managed to register his name in world record book "Guinness World Records" after successfully demonstrated his ability to remember 76 figures in just 60 minutes.

Son of Gidion Hindartho entered the record books published world record black Guinness beer company, after showing his ability in solving event held in recor animal parks "Bali Zoo Park" in Gianyar, Bali, Saturday.

Guinness World Records representatives of Asia, Alex Iskandar Liew, in addition to praising the ability shown Dominic Brain, also considered it as a unique record, considering the age he is still considered the children to teenagers.

Even so, the broken world recor Dominic Brain is expected to invite the emergence of many new challengers will try to surpass the recor. "Its uniqueness as recor-breaker was still very young, 12 years old. The effort to be able to remember a hundred points is not easy," said Alex Iskandar Liew

According to him, the ability Dominic Brain remarkable, because in a very short time be able to remember up to 76 rows of numbers. Such capabilities are rarely owned by the children of his age, and if anyone wants to match or even surpass, learning takes a long time.

While Gidion Hindartho said, although her son could record the world, but he did not give a target on the Brain, but will only lead to achieve his ideals.

He admitted so far only memory Brain training through a training method of memory capacity, which actually can be done by everyone.

"This is a memory training your brain power or so-called` brain power `. Everyone can actually maximize the memory as the Brain. Children ages third grade or fourth grade of primary school could easily remember a hundred points when trained with the method right, "he said.

Gidion expressed pride for the opportunity to scent a Brain Indonesia especially Bali to the international world. This is expected to further raise the image of the island resort in the eyes of the international world.

While Dominic Brain admitted only took two months to practice remembering the sequence numbers in quick time, although in practice one day only three times.

Brain said he would continue to practice remembering the sequence of numbers, in order to continue trying to improve the record he made, in addition to preparing for opponents that is expected to appear soon.

"I will continue to try to improve this record, with 104 given target figures. We practice the highest it ever reached the lift. At first it was hard, but if carried out diligently to become accustomed to," he said.

Brain successfully broke the record previously on the Indonesian Record Museum (Muri), which is given 52 cards for 100 seconds and 100 numbers given within 12 minutes.

Tuesday, November 24, 2009

Lampung

School places Sumatran elephants.


Data and Statistics

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Bandar Lampung. Photo: lampungdark33

Lampung province was inaugurated into the March 18, 1964, black pepper became one of the symbols of that time.

Some islands, including the area of Lampung Province, which lies mostly in the Bay of Lampung, including: Darot Island, Legundi Island, Island of Tegal, Sebuku Island, Ketagian Island, Island Sebesi, Poahawang Island, Krakatau Island, Island Disconnect, and Tabuan Island. There is also the island and Pulau Pisang look at the entry to the area of West Lampung regency.

Lampung plural society using different languages, including Indonesian, Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, Minang language, and the local language called Lampung language.

Sunday, November 22, 2009

South Kalimantan

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Floating market in Barito River is very famous.


Data and Statistics

South Kalimantan is located at 114 19 '33 "BT - 116 33' 28 BT - 1 21 '49" S 1 10' 14 "LS. Limit the western province of Central Kalimantan, Makassar Strait to the east, south Java Sea, and northern Borneo East.


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Governor Office Building. Photo: wikipedia.org

This province has 13 districts / cities. DPRD Kalimantan August 14, 1950 set as the anniversary of South Kalimantan Province. South Kalimantan that has 6 Indonesian language, Bahasa Banjar, Bakumpai Language, Language Hill, Native Village Deyah, and language Maanyan.

Important dates August 14, 1950 (anniversary)
The capital of Banjarmasin
Size 36,985 km ²
Population 3,054,129 (2002)
District 11
Municipality / City 2
Sub 138
Kelurahan / Desa 1958
Tribe Banjar, Hill, Bakumpai, Village Deyah, Maanyan
Religion Islam (96.80%), Protestant (28.51%), Catholics (18.12%), Hindus (9.51%), Buddhist (17.59%)
Bahasa Indonesian (id), Bahasa Banjar (bjn), Language Bakumpai (BKR), Language Hill (bvu), Native Village Deyah (dun), Language Maanyan (mhy)
PST time zone
Songs Ampar-Ampar Banana

Saturday, November 21, 2009

West Kalimantan

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This province is known as the Equator City.


Data and Statistics

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Equator monument. Photo: wikipedia.org

In addition to the City known as the Equator, West Kalimantan Province also known as the province "Thousand Rivers".

Why a thousand rivers? Because in West Kalimantan, there are many large and small rivers, which could partly navigable.

Provinces inhabited by dozens of tribes is divided into 12 districts and two municipalities / cities (Singkawang & Pontianak). Northern territory bordering Sarawak (Malaysia), the east by the Prov. Central Kalimantan & East Kalimantan, while in the south with the western Java Sea and South China Sea & Strait Karimata.

Friday, November 20, 2009

Reach Asad Persinas 'Outstanding Performance' at the World Arts Festival

Reach Asad Persinas 'Outstanding Performance' at the World Arts Festival
Universities and National Silat (Persinas) Asad who represented Indonesia boasts achievement in the World Arts Festival (Chungju World Martial Arts Festival) in Chungju South Korea. Asad Persinas major achievement of three best participants with predicate exceptional (outstanding performance) with participants from Japan and China.

Asad appointed Persinas PB IPSI (Ikatan Pencak Silat Indonesia) Indonesia together with college represents Joko Tole Silat Madura and universities Pamor Pamekasan. Asad himself Persinas Pengda Persinas represented by West Java later despatch five pendekarnya from Bandung. Three musketeers still sitting in junior high school and two vocational lainnnya age.

Chungju World Martial Arts Festival is a festival of martial arts as the world held once every 10 years. Where, from various countries will show the typical martial respectively. For example, the Pencak Silat Indonesia, China in Wushu, Korea with Taekgyeon, Canada with Oki Chi Taw and Australia with Tai-Kin-Jeri. PB IPSI himself had attended the festival of the martial world since World Martial Arts Union (WOMAU) held the first time. The festival was always inviting martial flow 56 from 45 countries from 5 continents.

For festival Chungju Martial Arts martial to be held at 11 this Tangeumdae Chungju UN Peace Park starting from October 2 to October 8, 2008. 28 countries attended the festival which consists of 51 teams with the number of warriors of 1210.

West Java

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The province is known by several titles, such as Paris van Java and the City Flower.

Data and Statistics

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Gedung Sate

Provincial capital of West Java is Bandung. Area bordered by Java Sea to the north, Central Java in the east, the south Indian Ocean, and Banten and DKI Jakarta in the west. The total area currently reaches 36.925km2 with a population of 46,914,900 inhabitants in 2005.

West Java in the 5th century was part of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara. After the collapse of the royal Tarumanagara attack Srivijaya kingdom of power in the western part of Java Island from Ujung Kulon to proceed by Ciserayu time Sunda kingdom.

From 1567 until 1579, under the leadership of Raja Mulya, alias Prabu Surya Kencana, the Kingdom of Sunda big decline under pressure from the Sultanate of Banten. After the year 1576, the kingdom could not maintain the Sunda Pakuan Pajajaran, the capital of the Kingdom of Sunda, and finally fell into the hands of the Sultanate of Banten. Sultanate of Banten government era, the area fell into the hands Priangan Mataram Sultanate.

West Java's name began to be used in 1925 when the Dutch East Indies government established the West Java Province. This province is the first province to be established in the territory of Indonesia.

In its development, Regency / City in West Java had increased 5 regions, namely Subang Regency (1968), Tangerang City (1993), Kota Bekasi (1996), Cilegon and Kota Depok (1999). In 2000, West Java province divided by the establishment of Banten Province in the west.

Wednesday, November 18, 2009

East Java

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Did You Know? Most of the river in East Java generally can not be navigated by boat.

Data and Statistics

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Reog Ponorogo. Photo: jakartafotoclub.com

East Java provincial capital Surabaya is bordered by Java Sea to the north, the Strait of Bali in the east, south Indian Ocean, and Central Java Province in the west.

In the past, East Java became the center of power three major kingdoms: the kingdom of Kediri and Majapahit Singasari. At the time of Majapahit, which is the province's territory most extensive archipelago. Now, the province which consists of 8 municipalities and 29 districts has become one of the national food suppliers.

And provided you know it, P. Is the largest island of Madura in East Java. The island is separated from mainland Java by a strait called the Strait of Madura.

Law No legal basis. 2 / 1950 Date of essential capital Surabaya Governor DR. H. Soekarwo, SH, M. Hum Area 47,922 km ² Population 37,070,731 inhabitants (2005) Density 787/km ² 29th District Municipality / City of District 9 District 637 / 8418 Tribal Village Javanese, Madurese, Tenggerese, Interest Osing, Islamic Tionghoa 90%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 2%, Buddhist 0.4%, Hindu 1%, 0.6% of Confucius Language Javanese, Madurese language, Bahasa Osing, Indonesian Time zone WIB

Tuesday, November 17, 2009

Professor AS fact is the youngest of Indonesia

Nelson Tansu Professor degree in Electrical Engineering in the United States before the age of 30 years. Because his last name like the name of Japan, many Japanese officials who took her "back to Japan" to build Japan. But Prof. Tansu says that he is the holder of a green passport bearing the Garuda Pancasila. However, he did not want to return to Indonesia. Why?
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Nelson Tansu was born in Medan, 20 October 1977. The best graduates from high school Sutomo 1 Medan. Team had been a finalist in Indonesia Physics Olympiad. Bachelor's degree from Wisconsin University in the field of Applied Mathematics, Electrical Engineering and Physics (AMEP) is taken in only 2 years 9 months, and with the predicate Summa Cum Laude. Then the master's degree in the same plane, and doctoral degree (PhD) in Electrical Engineering at the age of 26 years. He claimed his parents pay him only to scholars only. The rest, he could of scholarships to Doctorate degree. He was also the first Indonesian who became Professor at Lehigh University where she works now.

Doctorate thesis was received award as "The 2003 Harold A. Peterson Best ECE Research Paper Award" defeated 300 other Doctorate thesis. In total, he has received 11 scientific awards in the international level, has published over 80 works in various international journal and is currently a visiting professor at 18 universities and research institutions. He is also active as an invited speaker at various international events in the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia.

Because his name is similar to former Prime Minister of Turkey, Tansu Çiller, and also similar to the Japanese name, Tansu, then the Turkish and Japanese membajaknya many try to "go home". But he always explained that he was an Indonesian. Until now he still holds the green passport bearing the Garuda Pancasila, and not a United States citizen. Indonesia said he was in love. But, seeing the atmosphere is very supportive of research in the United States, he declared not want to go home and work on Indonesia. Nothing, we must admit that Indonesia is too small for this caliber scientist Prof. Nelson Tansu.

He also stated that in the United States, scientists and lecturers are highly respected profession in the community. He did not see such a case in Indonesia. He menyatatakan that the award for scientists and lecturers in Indonesia is low. Look at the income derived from the campus. Not enough to pay the family of the researcher / lecturer. As a result, a lecturer should take another job, as a consultant in the private sector, taught at many universities, and sebagianya. Thus, a lecturer did not have time to research and make doing scientific publications. How universities in Indonesia could be recognized abroad, if not ever produce international scientific publications?

Prof. Tansu also explained that in the U.S. or Singapore, the salary of a professor is 18-30 times more than the professor's salary in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the cost of living in Indonesia just 3 times cheaper course. So, he says is very normal that a professor would prefer not to work in Indonesia. Call a professor or lecturer is to investigate and make a scientific publication, but how could he do if he himself busy "looking for food".

Komodo Islands History

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Komodo Islands


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This is the story of the dragon.
Not just a legend, but actually a dragon which still inhabit the Indonesian archipelago east and central parts. Giant reptiles of the world has a reputation as a top predator in its class.
Since the first on the island of Komodo, Flores Island ranks, Indonesia, has emerged the story of a giant dragon. Many sailors who tells that the dragon is more like a scary monster.

Large tail can knock down a buffalo with a single flick. His jaw large and strong, so capable of swallowing a wild pig in one motion. And from his mouth always fire.

This story has circulated widely and could attract the attention of many people. But no one had ever dared to approach the island to prove it. Until finally in the early 1910s, came the report of the combat force Dutch fleet based in Flores about the mysterious creature allegedly "dragon" inhabits a small island in the Lesser Sunda Islands (now ranks Islands Flores, East Nusa Tenggara).

Dutch military sailors gave a report that the creature is likely to be measuring up to seven meters in length, with a giant body and a mouth that always fire. Lieutenant Steyn van Hensbroek, an official of the Dutch colonial administration in the region of Flores heard these reports and stories that surround the island of Komodo. He also planned a trip to Komodo Island.

Having armed himself and took a team of trained soldiers, he landed on the island. After a few days on the island, managed to kill one Hensbroek strange species.

He took him to headquarters and length measurements were taken that catch length about 2.1 meters. The shape is very much like a lizard. Animals were then photographed (documented) by Peter A Ouwens, director of the Zoological Museum and Botanical Gardens Bogor, Java. This is the first documentation of the Komodo dragon.

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Ouwens interested in finding these strange animals. He then recruited a cunning hunter to capture specimens for him. The hunter managed to kill two sized komodo 3.1 meters and 3.35 meters, plus the capture of two chicks, each measuring one meter below.

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Based on the catch of the hunters, Ouwens conduct research and concluded that the komodo dragon is not a flamethrower, but including the type of monitor lizard (monitor lizard) in the reptile class.

The results of this study later published in a newspaper published in 1912. In that proclamation, Ouwens give advice on the name of the giant lizard Varanus komodoensis nickname instead Komodo Dragon (Komodo Dragon).

Realizing the significance of the endangered species komodo, the Dutch government issued a regulation and protection of Komodo Island Komodo dragon in 1915. Be the first region as a Komodo dragon conservation area.

Findings komodo dragon as a living legend, curious world. Several scientific expeditions from different countries take turns doing research on the island of Komodo.

Prehistoric Animals who Survived

After World War I, a scientific expedition designed to conduct research komodo. In 1926, the expedition led by W. Douglas Burden of the American Museum of Natural History with the most modern research tools, doing research for months.

The expedition which involved dozens of people were arrested 27 Komodo dragon's tail. They perform surgical anatomy and identification of species. From this first scientific reports about the Komodo dragon is made complete.

Described that the Komodo dragon has a big head and strong, has a pair of shining eyes, her skin was hard, thick and wiry. Kelambir have skin under her neck wrinkles.

It looked like a lizard, with four legs and a big fat tail that is also a big fat long. Has 26 sharp teeth, each measuring 4 cm, has a forked tongue bright red. When viewed from a distance, the tongue is extended to resemble a fire, because the Komodo dragon is often stuck out his tongue like a snake.

Komodo also excellent hunters. He relies bites and poison the bacteria in saliva to paralyze their prey. He will follow prey that have been hurt for days, until death, then he ate it. As a carnivore and scavenger (carrion), komodo dragons are only found on the island of Komodo, Rinca Island, the island of Padar, Gili Motang, Owadi and Samiin. Komodo dragons are also known as a good animal to swim. That's how he did explore the islands around Flores.
Fossils

Meanwhile, in the mid-20th century, in Australia found fossils of ancient creatures that once studied very similar to the Komodo dragon. Based on tests of carbon, the fossil was believed to have originated from the period 60-30 million years ago. This means that the Komodo dragon ever to inhabit the Australian continent in prehistoric times.

But researchers are still puzzled by the relationship with the fossil Komodo Island Komodo dragon from Australia. Although the geological history of Earth indicates that the former Australia and some islands of Indonesia is one plate, but the estimated Komodo formed about 1 million years ago.

While based on the research, extinct prehistoric Komodo dragon at least 30 million years ago, before the island of Komodo is formed. So why Komodo dragon can only be found on the island of Komodo and surroundings? Since when inhabiting Komodo Island Komodo dragon? While no traces of bones ever found elsewhere komodo (except Australia). This is one mystery that requires further research.
Komodo Birth of Mother "Virgin"

Just 18 days ago, waiting zoologists at the zoo for Chester Zoo, Manchester, England, ended. A natural phenomenon that surprised the world of animal science. A female Komodo dragon virgin, successfully lay eggs and hatch five of them.

Based on news reported by the Associated Press, Flora, the Komodo dragon's name was-successful females gave birth to five baby Komodo dragon without the participation of the male inhabitants of the island of Komodo in the process of fertilization.

"Flora is very impressive, we were delighted to know she is the mother and father of her babies," said Kevin Buley, curator of the zoo for vertebrate and invertebrate species.

In mid-January 2007, the eggs began to break after a period of eight months pregnant at the peak occurred January 23, 2007, with the birth of the fifth Komodo dragon. While the other two still dieraminya eggs.

"Application of the conservation breeding program is very unusual, because it opens a new path, in which the animals could potentially be a colony on an island," Buley said.

"Females are able to swim across a new island, and then incubating the eggs, and then dating her male babies and sexually normal produce a new generation," he added.

DNA tests provide accurate evidence that Flora truly successful without the help of her daughter gave birth to males.

Mentioned again, the size of the dragon babies is between 16 inches (40 cm) to 18 inches (45 cm) and weigh between 3 ½ - 4 ½ ounces (100-125 grams).

Eating Crickets and Grasshoppers

Five children descent Flora Komodo dragon is born healthy and only eat crickets and grasshoppers as food diet. This is in accordance with the original life in the wild Komodo dragon.

Based on scientific knowledge, while growing up, baby Komodo dragon can reach lengths 10 feet (3 meters) and weigh about 300 pounds (135 kilograms). If achieved this extraordinary measure, they will be able to eat round a pig or deer.

Well, a savage appetite in reptiles explains why Flora is not allowed to be close to his children. "There is no maternal instinct at self Komodo dragon. Hence, it is natural to keep their children away from their parents. Parent will try to eat anything that came in front of his nose, "Buley explained.

According to the data, about 70 species of reptiles, including snakes and lizards known to reproduce asexually (without the associated sex) in a process scientifically known as parthenogenesis. However, the conception of virginity (virginitas) Flora and other komodo dragon in April at the London zoo is first documented.

Two virginity's conception was announced in September, as stipulated in the scientific paper in the journal Nature.

Komodo residents

Komodo dragons are native to islands of Flores, East Nusa Tenggara. The island's most lots occupied by these komodo dragons are named in accordance with this animal's name when found in 1910, the island of Komodo (Komodo Island).

Giant lizards including endangered animals with a total population in the wild is less than 4000 animals. To protect the Komodo dragon, in 1980 agreed to form a conservation area in the form of the Komodo National Park on Komodo Island and small islands around it.

Komodo dragon distribution and population in the last three decades is the decline and increasingly threatened its existence, mainly due to hunting deer, as its main prey. Even the population on the island of Padar known to have been lost since the late 1990s, whereas in the early 1980s, the Komodo dragon can still be found there. Attention and conservation of this species in particular should be given, because the Komodo dragon populations on the verge of extinction.

For some residents on the island of Komodo, this animal is considered more dangerous to humans than crocodiles, because the bacterial content of saliva that can cause severe infections.

Usually, komodo dragons mating season occurs between June to July. In August, a female Komodo dragon will dig a nest of a bird's nest mounds former Gosong (Anas reindwardt) on the hill and nest hole in the ground, to keep the eggs that can reach 38 points. Komodo dragon eggs are usually guarded by its mother, but the new-born child in February or March is not guarded, often eaten instead.

Komodo takes five years to grow to the size of two meters and can continue to live up to 30 years. Entering a period of 4-5 years earlier sexual maturity of Komodo dragon.

Monday, November 16, 2009

Central Java

gedung sate Pictures, Images and Photos
'Heart' of Javanese culture.


Data and Statistics

Central Java Province is flanked by two large, namely West Java and East Java. Located 540 'and 8 degrees 30' south latitude and between 108 degrees 30 'and 111 degrees 30' east longitude (including the island of Publications). Farthest distance from west to east is 263 km and from north to south 226 km (not including the island of Publications).

Great Mosque of Demak. Photo: thedevinicesecret.com

Central Java Province comprises 29 districts and 6 cities. Formerly Central Java are regions of the kingdom. Some of them are Buddhist kingdom of Kalinga, the Kingdom of Demak, and the kingdom of Mataram. Today, Central Java still has 2 royal result of the division of Mataram Kingdom Kasunan Palace in Surakarta and Yogyakarta Sultanate Palace. Central Java, usually considered the 'heart' of Javanese culture.

Solo River, the longest river in Central Java (572 km) and has a spring in the mountains Sewu (Wonogiri District). Flow through the city of Surakarta, heading East Java, and finally culminated in Gresik, near Surabaya.

Some volcanoes are still active in Central Java province include Mount Merapi, Mount Slamet, Mount Sindoro, Gungung cleft, and Mount Dieng.

Sunday, November 15, 2009

Krakatoa Eruption

Krakatoa Eruption
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ISLAND KRAKATAU, Sunda Strait,
INDONESIA

26-27 August 1883
36,417 People Killed

Suddenly we saw the giant waves with extraordinary heights to the beach with a very high speed. Instantly, the sailors were in great pressure and trying to contrast in the presence of imminent danger; board faced a wave of the future direction in time. After some time, with full of suffering, we raised the speed that made dizzy. Ships mighty leap, and soon after that we felt as if I had plunged into a deep ravine.
- N. Van Sandick, engineers from the Loudon,
who survived the tsunami of Krakatau

How hard the sound of Krakatoa volcanic eruption, whether reported as the loudest sound ever heard in human history? If the eruption that occurred in Los Angeles, California, equal power with the eruption of Krakatoa, then the crack will be heard up to New Haven, Connecticut.
Other natural disasters resulted in higher death rates than Krakatoa, but the eruption of volcanic islands in Indonesia in late August of 1883 is an explosion of geophysical panoply of extraordinary excess. In fact, the power of the eruption of Krakatoa has described megnagumkan human power is very small. Can be dramatic, when compared with the power of a very small man. It could be that certain that we could theoretically destroy the planet using a combination of nuclear weapons states that have them, but we can never create a weapon whose power even just close to the eruption of Krakatoa volcano.
Krakatoa is located in the Sunda Strait, between Java and Sumatra island located in Indonesia. Throughout history, this island is uninhabited, though there are often visitors to this volcanic island.
Krakatoa's eruption was first recorded occurred in 1680. This mountain and then remained silent for more than two hundred years, until the eruption cycle began in May 1883. Inhabitants of the island of Java and Sumatra, who lived not far away this is not considered dangerous eruptions. Some people even came to this island and climb to the top of the volcano to look into the sunken kawahnya. No one was evacuated, and people continue their lives.
The summer passed.
Then, at noon Sunday, August 26, 1883, a series of huge explosions have been emanating from Krakatoa. The people around him could hear the eruptions, and ash and pumice began showering the houses and the ships in the Sunda Strait.
This went on for twenty-four hours, until the next day, when four very big explosion occurred, and the largest eruption occurred about ten o'clock, and these eruptions could be said to have rocked the world. This explosion has awakened people in South Australia, a distance of more than two thousand five hundred miles (more than 4000 km).
Krakatoa shock wave around the earth has about seven times, with speeds approaching seven hundred miles (1125 km) per hour - three times in the same direction, and four times in the opposite direction.
Krakatoa's ash cloud rise from fifty miles (80 km) into the air, and volcanic dust has been around the earth many times, there are piles of dust almost everywhere on this planet. The dust is so thick that the Sunda Strait experienced total darkness for two full days.
Krakatoa also resulted in seventeen volcanoes another smaller eruption on the island, and the combined heat of the whole of this explosion has increased the temperature of the surrounding ocean is surprising, for sixty degrees. In addition, the blanket-thick pumice ten feet (3 m) has been covered waters for miles around Java and Sumatra. This eruption also caused a tsunami - a giant wave - which has brought the greatest damage, and experienced so far as Cape Horn in South America.
Krakatoa giant waves as high as 100-120 feet (30-36 m) has taken nearly 30 coastal villages and ports, also has killed over 36,000 people, either by drowning or crushed to death when their homes collapsed. Most of the deaths caused by the lava had burned or the shock wave. Krakatau tsunami was the main killer - is very large waves that reportedly could be felt up to the United States west coast.
This explosion had drowned coastal plain area of fifty miles (80 km) square, as well as with some smaller islands in the Sunda Strait.
Dutch flagged ships cannon, Berow, in the port in the Gulf Betung Sumatra, have been swept away by the tsunami of Krakatau, was thrown into the air, and fell more than a mile inland, in a forest in Sumatra. Countless ships in the waters around Indonesia are not so lucky; mostly drowned and never appeared again.
Krakatau has sent more than five cubic miles of dust into the atmosphere, and this rock fragments remained there for two full years. This material has made mid-day sun was blue in South America, and the sun appeared green in Hawaii for many months after the eruption.
Dust is also created scenery is spectacular sunsets throughout the world for months after the eruption. Some of them are so dramatic that they seem like a huge fire in the distance.
Two months later, in October of 1883, many of New Haven, Connecticut, has called the fire department because they thought that the red glow of sunset is a very large fire out of control. Sunset is also seen in many places along the eastern coast of the United States.
Krakatoa eventually sink into the sea, has drained his energy, his strength was gone. In its place there is now a Child of Krakatoa, a volcanic island that is smaller, which formed in a small eruption in 1928, and continued to erupt periodically. Very unlikely to achieve Anak Krakatoa disaster powers like Krakatoa. An explosion with power equivalent to or larger of course possible in other places on earth, but so far, Krakatau has held the record as the largest volcanic eruptions of all time.

DI Yogyakarta

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Yogyakarta is also famous with the title and the City Student City Gudeg.


Data and Statistics

Yogyakarta is the center of Java Island, bordering the Central Java province in the north, the extent of 3133.15 km and a population of 3,343,651.

Before 1945, Yogyakarta is a monarchy (the kingdom) the successor of the Mataram dynasty. Under the shadow of 2914-meter-high mountain, called Mount Merapi, standing Ngayogyakarto Sultanate, one of the Mataram kingdom in Jawa. After joined the RI and the province of Yogyakarta in 1950.

This province has become the capital of Indonesia during the Dutch colonial period. Yogyakata has 4 districts, namely Kab. Sleman, Kab. Bantul, Kab. Gunung Kidul and Kab. Kulon Progo.

This province is one of the solid areas in Indonesia and is the main gateway to Java where this place is geographically located.

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Beringharjo market. Photo: pnri.go.id

As a center of arts and culture in Java, there are several kinds of tourist attractions in Yogyakarta. This is the reason why people refer Yogyakarta as the birthplace of Javanese culture. And for lovers of mountains, beaches or scenic beauty, Yogyakarta is also providing some room for it.

Saturday, November 14, 2009

Bali

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Bali's capital Denpasar, also known as Pulau Dewata (Island of the Gods).

Data and Statistics

Island of Bali is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands along the width of 153 km and 112 km approximately 3.2 km from the island of Java. Astronomically, Bali is located at 8 ° 25'23 "south latitude and 115 ° 14'55" East Latitude tropical make like other parts of Indonesia.

The province is located on the island of Bali. Northern and western borders the Strait of Bali, east of the Strait of Badung and Lombok Strait, south of the Indian Ocean.

Bali relies on tourism as a source of regional income. Bali became a tourist destination of foreign tourists for its rich culture and beauty of art beaches.

Province with municipalities and 1 is the 8th district primary mainstay tourism in Indonesia, with a 5632 km2 area of Bali with a population of 2,977,356.


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Bali. Photo: dok.Bobo


Important dates August 14, 1959 (anniversary)
The capital of Denpasar (formerly Singaraja)
Governor Komjen Pol (Ret.) I Made Mangku Pastika (2008-2013)
Land area 5561 km ²
Population 4,500,000 ()
District 8
Municipality / City 1
Balinese (80%), Sasak, Java, Madura, Tionghoa-Indonesia, etc.
Hindu religion (92.3%), Islam (5.7%), Others (2%)
Language Bali, Indonesia, Javanese, Sasak, etc..
PST time zone
Balinese folk songs Jagaddhita

Friday, November 13, 2009

Gorontalo

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Gorontalo is a province to 32 in Indonesia.

Data and Statistics

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Adat Gorontalo house. Photo: gorontalo.perbendaharaan.go.id

Initially, the Gorontalo regency in North Sulawesi. Along with the emergence of areas relating to expansion of regional autonomy, the province is then established based on Law Number 38 Year 2000 dated December 22, 2000.

This provincial capital is the city of Gorontalo. The total area of 12,215.44 km2 with a population of 2008 according to survey as many as 972 thousand people.

These provinces are the demographic berbatasa Celebes Sea in the north, North Sulawesi province in the east, Central Sulawesi Province in the west and the Gulf of Tomini in the south.

Actually there are many regional languages in Gorontalo. However, only three languages, namely: Gorontalo language, the language and the language Atinggola Suwawa.

Thursday, November 12, 2009

DKI Jakarta

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Data and statistics
DKI Jakarta Province is located on 106 ⁰ 22 '42 "BT - 106 ⁰ 58' 18" and 5 ⁰ 19 '12 "S -6 ⁰ 23' 54" LS. Northern region bordering the Java Sea on the east by County / City Used. In the west adjacent to Tangerang Municipality, and in the south bordering the town of Tangerang and Depok.


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DKI Jakarta is 740.28 km2 area is divided into 5 areas of the municipality of North Jakarta, South Jakarta, West Jakarta, East Jakarta and Central Jakarta.

In addition to the city government, Jakarta is also a city of commerce and trade. Indigenous Betawi Jakarta is the tribe.

Each dated June 22, Jakarta celebrates anniversary marked by the opening of the arena at Pekan Raya Jakarta Kemayoran, Central Jakarta.

Wednesday, November 11, 2009

Indonesia Holds 24 World Records

1. Republic of Indonesia is a country in the world's largest archipelago consisting of 17,504 islands (including the 9634 islands that have not been given the name and the 6000 islands are uninhabited).

2. Here are 3 of the 6 largest island in the world, namely: Borneo (the third largest island in the world with an area of 539.460 km2), Sumatra (473,606 km2) and Papua (421.981 km2)

3. Indonesia is the largest maritime countries in the world with a water area of 93 thousand km2 and the length of the beach around 81 thousand km2, or almost 25% long beach in the world.

4. Island of Java is the world's most populous island, where about 60% is almost the population of Indonesia (about 130 million people) live on the island that the width is only 7% of the entire territory of Indonesia.

5. Indonesia is a country with the largest tribes in the world. There are more than 740 tribes / ethnic, which in Papua alone there were 270 tribes.

6. Countries with the largest regional languages, namely, 583 languages and dialects of the 67 main languages used by various tribes in Indonesia. National language is Indonesian, although local language with the most number of users in Indonesia is the Javanese language.
7. Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world. The number of adherents of Islam in Indonesia around 216 million people or 88% of the population of Indonesia. Also has the largest mosque and pilgrims Origin of the world's largest.

8. Buddhist monument (temple) is the world's largest Borobudur temple in Central Java with a height 42 meters (10 levels) and long-relief more than 1 km. Estimated to be over 40 years by Sailendra Dynasty during the ancient Mataram kingdom (750-850).

9. The oldest ancient human found in the world, namely: 'Pithecanthropus Erectus' ¬ estimated from 1.8 million years ago.

10. Republic of Indonesia is the country's first born after World War II in 1945. RI is the 70th oldest state in the world.

11. Indonesia is the first country (until now the only one) that ever came out of the United Nations (UN) on January 7, 1965 date. RI to join back to the United Nations in 1966.

12. Indonesian badminton team is the most won badminton men symbol of supremacy, Thomas Cup, which is as many as 13 x (the first time last years 1958 & 2002).

13. Indonesia is a producer of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the world (20% of world supply) is also the second largest tin producer.

14. Indonesia ranked 1st in agricultural products, namely: Clove (cloves) & nutmeg (nutmeg), and No. 2 in the natural rubber (Natural Rubber) and crude palm oil (Crude Palm Oil).

15. Indonesia is the largest exporter of plywood (plywood), which is about 80% in world markets.

16. Coral Reef (Coral Reef) Indonesia is the richest (18% of the total world).

17. Indonesia has the most shark species are 150 species in the world.

18. The world's largest orchid Biodiversity: 6 thousand species of orchids, ranging from the largest (or Tiger Orchid Grammatophyllum speciosum) to the smallest (Taeniophyllum, which leaves no), including the rare Black Orchid, and only occurred in Papua.

19. Having the largest mangrove forest in the world. This plant is useful lo prevent sea water erosion / abrasion.

20. Animals surviving ancient: Komodo dragons are found only on Komodo island, East Nusa Tenggara is the largest lizard in the world. Length bias reaches 3 meters and weighs 90 kg.

21. Rafflesia arnoldi growing in Sumatra is the largest flower in the world. When the flowers bloomed, reaching 1 meter in diameter.

22. Having the world's smallest primate, the Pygmy Tarsier (Tarsius pumilus) or Mount Tarsier also called the length is only 10 cm. Monkey-like animal that lives on trees and have in Sulawesi.

23. The discovery of the world's longest snake is, Python Reticulates along 10 meters in Sulawesi.

24. The world's smallest fish found recently in the muddy swamps of Sumatra. 7.9 mm long as adults, or approximately mosquitoes. Fish's body is transparent and does not have a bone head.

Tuesday, November 10, 2009

Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia

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The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Appeared on the Dutch flag the main stupa of the temple.

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One of the carvings on the walls Karmawibhangga Borobudur temple (the southeast corner of the floor 0)

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Restoration of the monument Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO

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Borobudur is the name of a Buddhist temple located at Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. Location of the temple is approximately 100 km in the south-west of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Sailendra.

The name of Borobudur
Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other popular etymology. Suppose borobudur word comes from the word "the Buddha" is due to shift into borobudur sound. Another explanation is that the name comes from two words "coal" and "beduhur". Said coal said to have originated from the monastery, while there is also another explanation in which the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the intention is a monastery or hostel located in the high ground.

Historians J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions and Kahulunan Karangtengah, Casparis estimates, founder of the Borobudur is the king of the dynasty named Samaratungga Syailendra around 824 AD The giant new buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Development of Borobudur estimated half-century time-consuming.

Borobudur Structure
Borobudur berundak punden shape, which consists of six levels of a square, three-level circular and a circular main stupa as a peak. Also scattered in all levels-the levels several stupas.

Borobudur is a ten-story clearly illustrates the Mahayana school of philosophy. like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.

The foot of Borobudur represents Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama, or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. In the closed structures have an additional 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. A small portion was set aside additional structure so that people can still see the relief in this section.

Four floors with walls above berelief by the experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu the world who have set themselves free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between nature and the natural bottom up. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues found on the wall niches above ballustrade or hallway.

Start fifth to the seventh floor of the walls not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed in the stupa covered with holes as in a cage. From outside the statues were still dim.

Which describes the highest level being represented by the absence of a stupa, the largest and highest. Stupa described plain without the holes. Within this the largest stupa, believed there was a statue Adibuddha representations. The statue is thought to have come from the largest stupa is now placed in an archeological museum, a few hundred meters from the Borobudur temple. This statue is known as the Buddha unfinished.

In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stone reliefs, two lions, a few times-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn, who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the Dutch Government as that.

Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. That there are long passages that are narrow streets. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In these corridors is expected Buddhist ritual walk around the temple to the right. The shape of the building without room and terraced structure is alleged is the development of berundak punden form, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.

Borobudur structure when viewed from above form a mandala structure.

Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the Interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.

Relief
At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read as counter-clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs there about the epic Ramayana. There are also reliefs Jataka stories.

Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate on each level, starting on the left and ends on the right of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and to the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides of similar right.

The composition and distribution of relief story ledge on the wall and the temple, are as follows:
Relief Chart
Level position / location Relief Story Number Frames
----- Original foot temple Karmawibhangga 160 frames
Level I - walls a. 120 frames Latitawistara
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 120 frames
------- - Ledge a. Jataka / awadana 372 frames
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 128 frames
Level II - wall frame Gandawyuha 128
-------- - Ledge Jataka / awadana 100 frames
Level III - 88 frames Gandawyuha wall
-------- - 88 frames Gandawyuha ledge
Level IV - 84 frames Gandawyuha wall
-------- - 72 frames Gandawyuha ledge
1460 -------- -------- Number of frames

In sequence, the story of the temple reliefs in ringkat significantly as follows:

Karmawibhangga
One of the carvings on the walls Karmawibhangga Borobudur temple (the southeast corner of the floor 0) In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the foot of the temple, reliefs that decorated the walls of these hidden shelf, described the law of karma. Rows of relief is not a story series (series), but in each frame describes a story that has a causal correlation. Relief is not only give you an idea of human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that will get, but also the human good deeds and reward. As a whole is a depiction of human life in the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) that never ends, and by the Buddhist tersebutlah chain which will be ended to to perfection.

Lalitawistara
History is a depiction of the Buddha in a row of relief (but not a complete history) which starts from the Buddha's descent from heaven Tusita, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. 27 frame to describe the activity, both in heaven and on earth, in preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation as the candidate of the Bodhisattvas are Buddhist. Reliefs depicts the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of the King and Queen Maya Suddhodana of State Kapilavastu. Relief amount to 120 frames, which ended with the first discourse, which is symbolically expressed as play Wheel of Dharma, the Buddha's teaching is called dharma also means "law", while represented as a wheel of dharma.

Jataka and Awadana
Jataka tales are stories of the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddharta. Protrusion of the contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas from any other creature. Indeed, the collection service / good deed is the preparation stage in an attempt to keringkat the buddha's.

Awadana while basically similar to the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and the stories collected in the book which means Diwyawadana sainthood noble deeds, and the book of a hundred stories Awadanasataka or Awadana. In the reliefs of Borobudur temple and awadana Jataka, treated the same, meaning they are in the same row without a distinguishable. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattvas is Jatakamala or strands Jataka stories, Aryasura and poet who lived in the 4th century AD.

Gandawyuha
Is a row of reliefs decorate the walls of the hall to the 2, is the story of a wandering Sudhana tirelessly in his quest for knowledge about the Supreme Truth by Sudhana True. Description of the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and for the lid on the story of another Bhadracari.

Stages of development of Borobudur
The first stage
Construction period is not known certainly Borobudur (estimated between 750 and 850 AD). Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid berundak. but later changed. As evidence of stacking order dismantled.

The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened, plus two square steps and one step directly circle given a large parent stupas.

Third stage
Steps up the circle with a large main stupa dismantled and removed and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas built on top of these steps with a large stupa in the middle.

Stage four
There are small changes like making relief changes and curved stairs above the door.

Overview of time the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple
The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Flag of the Netherlands looked at the main stupa candi.1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor-General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the discovery site, a hill covered with shrubs.
1873 - The first monograph published about the temple.
1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of the restoration and maintenance of Borobudur temple.
1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.
1956 - Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
1963 - Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but the mess after the event G-30-S.
1968 - at the conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.
1971 - Indonesian government established a body chaired by the restoration of Borobudur Prof.Ir.Roosseno.

Restoration of the monument Borobudur temple with the help of UNESCO1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman. UNESCO-sponsored committees provide 5 million U.S. dollars from the cost of 7750 million dollar restoration of the United States. The rest covered Indonesia.
August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the start of the restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
January 21, 1985 - bomb attacks that destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple, it was soon restored. The attack carried out by an extreme Islamic group led by Habib Husein Ali Alhabsyi.
1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.

The eruption of Tambora in 1815 and Year Without Summer

The eruption of Tambora in 1815 and
Year Without Summer

SUMBAWA, INDONESIA; THEN THE WHOLE WORLD

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5 April 1815 - until the Spring of 1817
More than 150,000 People Killed
Billions in losses form a Damaged Rice
and Ruin Other

Three separate fires lump rising up so high, and entire surface of the mountain was once covered by the incandescent lava, which expanded to a great distance; the stones, among others for the head, falling within the scope of the diameter of several kilometers, and the fragments spread in the air has resulted in total darkness ... ash released so much that lead to total darkness in Java, a distance as far as 310 miles (500 km). This ash resulting total darkness at noon
, and covering the ground and the roof with a layer several inches thick.
- Sir Stamford Raffles, Governor General Java1 --

Snow began falling around 8 o'clock in the morning - down with rain and drizzle until after 14:00 o'clock. Peaks have been crowned by the snow on each side. The most dismal weather and incredible I've ever seen.
- Bennington, Vermont, farmer Benjamin Harwood,
in his diary early in June 18162


Nuclear Winter

If the flying missiles, and unimaginable event occurs, then the human race does not just have to face death and destruction that has been caused by nuclear, but also should (according to many renowned scientists, including Carl Sagan) nuclear winter.
Nuclear explosions can produce temperatures ranging from 5400 to 7200 degrees Fahrenheit (2980-3980 ° C). Almost all items will burn at this temperature, and if the burning material is organic (human, tree), then the resulting smoke, thick and unhealthy for the breathing, maybe it is not toxic. However, if the material was burned plastic, or glass, or chemicals, or synthetic materials, the gas produced and appeared in the form of smoke may be quite deadly.
Nuclear winter - embezzlement and cooling the atmosphere around the world - will happen when the smoke from one or more nuclear explosions, blocking sunlight reaching the ground, causing a drastic decrease in temperature, rice death everywhere, so do the strange weather that can be snow storms, summer, and a polluted fog.
Nuclear winter that will destroy life forms innumerable, and since has been estimated that Nuclear war between the United States and Russia or China would kill at least one billion people at once, then the nuclear winter that followed believed would kill a billion more.
In 1816, the northeastern United States has obtained the study - in a very small scale - about anything connected with the nuclear winter when the English and the Atlantic coast suffered a year without a summer punctuated by.
Why in June (summer should be) of snow has fallen in Connecticut?
Why is there frost in July in New Hampshire?
The answer is because Mount Tambora Fire located on Sumbawa Island in Indonesia has erupted in the previous year, the volcano spewed ash in the largest amount in the air, in history. Require 104 years for scientists to understand the connection that happens; in 1920 they finally succeeded, and since then, there are explanations for the year without a summer - and a new understanding of the effects could be caused by volcanic eruptions on Earth weather.


Tambora

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Everyone thought that Tambora had become extinct. But it is not the case. On April 5, 1815, as tall as Goliath thirteen thousand feet of this (+ 3960 m) have been built and issued a series of echoes roar his presence, and heard in the distance thousands of miles. For five days, the mountain spewed ash in the amount that could demolish the houses in Sumbawa because of its weight. Ash is thick and impenetrable by the sun so that the inhabitants of the island could hardly see his hand in front of their faces. On April 10, culminating with the eruption cloud was a very large fire, which twisted to one another and established on the mountain lit.
This incident was followed by a hurricane, which may be similar to the phenomenon of meteorological storm of fire - a fire storm that formed during forest fires is very great. Like a vacuum, this chaos has swept humans, animals and houses, flying into the air. Living things mutilated and burned, inanimate objects were destroyed and torn apart into pieces innumerable.
Strength exceeds the ability of Tambora eruption of the mountain and the island where the mountain stands. As this mountain releasing tons of rock, lava, and ash, the mountain began to shrink, from thirteen thousand feet (3960 m) to nine thousand feet (2740 m), and ironically the surface of the island began to rise, the ash piled several inches . Ash that has a depth of more than three feet (90 m +), also sucking water around Sumbawa - and finish the work of destruction of human Tambora in its range. Ash had killed all the vegetables, and starvation soon to follow, combined with a cholera epidemic, has increased the number of 80,000 deaths where 12,000 people were killed instantly during the eruption.


Eruption Without Summer

One observer thought that the Tambora eruption of ash that has been issued by this volcano, if distributed evenly will probably cover the whole of Germany. Most of the ash did not fall to the ground, but remains in the atmosphere, and began traveling around the world carried by the wind.
A very large cloud has led to decreasing temperature of the earth, and the destruction of the summer rice began yellowing in Europe and the UK.
Temperature in June was far below normal, and contributed to the damage that was caused by prolonged drought. The farmers began to take the road to feed them corn harvest could on their cattle, so as not to lose their flocks. In Switzerland, the people who have eaten the starving dogs and cats are lost. The farmers of New York was forced to dig a potato plant that had just planted to feed their families.

Summer frost has killed the strange set of rice soon this trick planted crops


. People began to hunt raccoon (mammal like cats) and pigeons to eat. Hunger and disease are estimated to have increased the number of dead is almost as much as 50,000, the overall number of deaths Tambora Mountain, although at that time no one who understands the link between the year without summer and volcanic eruptions that were located thousands of miles, and broke hundreds of days in period then this.
Even though they understand it, the farmers seem to nineteenth-century England was a quiet and stoic would not have believed.




1 Karen Farrington, Natural Disasters, 44.
2 Keith Heidom, "Eighteen Hundred and froze to Death," The Weather Doctor in http://www.Islandnet.com/-see/weather/history/1816.htm.